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-
1
McCarthy JS, Guinea A, Weil GJ, Ottesen EA, 1995. Clearance of circulating filarial antigen as a measure of the macrofilaricidal activity of diethylcarbamazine in Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Infect Dis 172 :521–526.
-
2
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Richards FO Jr, Eberhard ML, 1991. Changes in circulating parasite antigen levels after treatment of Bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin. J Infect Dis 164 :814–816.
-
3
Dreyer G, Amaral F, Norões J, Medeiros Z, Addiss D, 1995. A new tool to assess the adulticidal efficacy in vivo of antifilarial drugs for Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :225–226.
-
4
Norões J, Dreyer G, Santos A, Mendes VG, Medeiros Z, Addiss D, 1997. Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :78–81.
-
5
Melrose WD, 2002. Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease. Int J Parasitol 32 :947–960.
-
6
Brown KR, Ricci FM, Ottesen EA, 2000. Ivermectin: effectiveness in lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 121 :S133–S146.
-
7
Ottesen EA, Ismail MM, Horton J, 1999. The role of albendazole in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 15 :382–386.
-
8
International Filariasis Review Group, (David Addiss, Julia Critchley, Henry Ejere, Paul Garner, Hellen Gelband, Carroll Gamble), 2004. Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
-
9
Plaisier AP, Cao WC, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD, 1999. Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of trial results. Parasitology 119 :385–394.
-
10
Stolk WA, Subramanian S, Oortmarssen GJ, Das PK, Habbema JD, 2003. Prospects for elimination of Bancroftian filariasis by mass drug treatment in Pondicherry, India: a simulation study. J Infect Dis 188 :1371–1381.
-
11
Subramanyam Reddy G, Vengatesvarlou N, Das PK, Vanamail P, Vijayan AP, Kala S, Pani SP, 2000. Tolerability and efficacy of single-dose diethyl carbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin in the clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in Pondicherry, south India. Trop Med Int Health 5 :779–785.
-
12
World Health Organization, 1992. Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control. Fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 821 :1–71.
-
13
Vanamail P, Ramaiah KD, Pani SP, Das PK, Grenfell BT, Bundy DA, 1996. Estimation of the fecund life span of Wuchereria bancrofti in an endemic area. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :119–121.
-
14
Subramanian S, Stolk WA, Ramaiah KD, Plaisier AP, Krishnamoorthy K, Van Oortmarssen GJ, Dominic Amalraj D, Habbema JD, Das PK, 2004. The dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of longitudinal data from Pondicherry, India. Parasitology 128 :467–482.
-
15
Figueredo-Silva J, Jungmann P, Norões J, Piessens WF, Coutinho A, Brito C, Rocha A, Dreyer G, 1996. Histological evidence for adulticidal effect of low doses of diethylcarbamazine in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :192–194.
-
16
Dreyer G, Norões J, Amaral F, Nen A, Medeiros Z, Coutinho A, Addiss D, 1995. Direct assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :441–443.
-
17
Dreyer G, Addiss D, Norões J, Amaral F, Rocha A, Coutinho A, 1996. Ultrasonographic assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of repeat high-dose ivermectin in Bancroftian filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 1 :427–432.
-
18
Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Fernando D, De Silva MS, De Silva GA, Balasooriya WK, 2001. Long-term efficacy of single-dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :332–335.
-
19
Freedman DO, Plier DA, De Almeida AB, De Oliveira AL, Miranda J, Braga C, 2001. Effect of aggressive prolonged diethylcarbamazine therapy on circulating antigen levels in Bancroftian filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 6 :37–41.
-
20
El Setouhy M, Ramzy RMR, Ahmed ES, Kandil AM, Hussain O, Farid HA, Helmy H, Weil GJ, 2004. A randomized clinical trial comparing single- and multi-dose combination therapy with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of Bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :191–196.
-
21
Kshirsagar NA, Gogtay NJ, Garg BS, Deshmukh PR, Rajgor DD, Kadam VS, Kirodian BG, Ingole NS, Mehendale AM, Fleckenstein L, Karbwang J, Lazdins-Helds JK, 2004. Safety, tolerability, efficacy and plasma concentrations of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole co-administration in a field study in an area endemic for lymphatic filariasis in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :205–217.
-
22
Kazura J, Greenberg J, Perry R, Weil G, Day K, Alpers M, 1993. Comparison of single-dose diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin for treatment of Bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :804–811.
-
23
Addiss DG, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ, McNeeley MB, Lee SH, McNeeley DF, Spencer HC, 1993. Comparative efficacy of clearing-dose and single high-dose ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine against Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :178–185.
-
24
Moulia-Pelat JP, Glaziou P, Nguyen LN, Chanteau S, Martin PM, Cartel JL, 1993. Long-term efficacy of single-dose treatment with 400 micrograms.kg-1 of ivermectin in Bancroftian filariasis: results at one year. Trop Med Parasitol 44 :333–334.
-
25
Moulia-Pelat JP, Nguyen LN, Hascoet H, Nicolas L, 1996. Associations de l’ivermectine et de la diethylcarbamazine pour obtenir un meilleur controle de l’infection en filariose lymphatique. Parasite 3 :45–48.
-
26
Nicolas L, Plichart C, Nguyen LN, Moulia-Pelat JP, 1997. Reduction of Wuchereria bancrofti adult worm circulating antigen after annual treatments of diethylcarbamazine combined with ivermectin in French Polynesia. J Infect Dis 175 :489–492.
-
27
Dreyer G, Coutinho A, Miranda D, Norões J, Rizzo JA, Galdino E, Rocha A, Medeiros Z, Andrade LD, Santos A, Figueredo-Silva J, Ottesen EA, 1995. Treatment of Bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Brazil: a two-year comparative study of the efficacy of single treatments with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :98–102.
-
28
Kimura E, Penaia L, Spears GF, 1985. The efficacy of annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate against diurnally subperiodic Bancroftian filariasis in Samoa. Bull World Health Organ 63 :1097–1106.
-
29
Andrade LD, Medeiros Z, Pires ML, Pimentel A, Rocha A, Figueredo-Silva J, Coutinho A, Dreyer G, 1995. Comparative efficacy of three different diethylcarbamazine regimens in lymphatic filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :319–321.
-
30
Pani S, Subramanyam Reddy G, Das L, Vanamail P, Hoti S, Ramesh J, Das P, 2002. Tolerability and efficacy of single dose albendazole, diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) or co-administration of albendazole with DEC in the clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti in asymptomatic microfilaraemic volunteers in Pondicherry, South India: a hospital-based study. Filaria J 1 :1.
-
31
Cao WC, Van der Ploeg CP, Plaisier AP, van der Sluijs IJ, Habbema JD, 1997. Ivermectin for the chemotherapy of Bancroftian filariasis: a meta-analysis of the effect of single treatment. Trop Med Int Health 2 :393–403.
-
32
Ottesen EA, Duke BOL, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75 :491–503.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 229 | 179 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 276 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 75 | 3 | 0 |
EFFECTS OF IVERMECTIN AND DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE ON MICROFILARIAE AND OVERALL MICROFILARIA PRODUCTION IN BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS
WILMA A. STOLK
WILMA A. STOLK
Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Pondicherry, India
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GERRIT J. VAN OORTMARSSEN
GERRIT J. VAN OORTMARSSEN
Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Pondicherry, India
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S. P. PANI
S. P. PANI
Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Pondicherry, India
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SAKE J. DE VLAS
SAKE J. DE VLAS
Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Pondicherry, India
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S. SUBRAMANIAN
S. SUBRAMANIAN
Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Pondicherry, India
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P. K. DAS
P. K. DAS
Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Pondicherry, India
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J. DIK F. HABBEMA
J. DIK F. HABBEMA
Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Pondicherry, India
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Ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) are used in mass treatment programs for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis because of their strong effects on microfilaremia. However, the effects of treatment on adult worms and the degree of individual variation in efficacy are unclear. We analyzed series of microfilaria (Mf) counts from individuals treated with a single dose of 400 μg/kg ivermectin or 6 mg/kg DEC (N = 23 in each group; 1 year follow-up). For each individual, we estimated the microfilaricidal effect and the reduction in overall Mf production (e.g., caused by death or sterilization of worms, or inhibited Mf release from the female worm uterus). Ivermectin on average killed 96% of Mf and reduced Mf production by 82%. DEC killed 57% of Mf and reduced Mf production by 67%, with some individuals responding very poorly. The strong reduction in overall Mf production is good news for control of lymphatic filariasis, but the prospects of elimination will be diminished if part of the population systematically responds poorly to treatment.
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-
1
McCarthy JS, Guinea A, Weil GJ, Ottesen EA, 1995. Clearance of circulating filarial antigen as a measure of the macrofilaricidal activity of diethylcarbamazine in Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Infect Dis 172 :521–526.
-
2
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Richards FO Jr, Eberhard ML, 1991. Changes in circulating parasite antigen levels after treatment of Bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin. J Infect Dis 164 :814–816.
-
3
Dreyer G, Amaral F, Norões J, Medeiros Z, Addiss D, 1995. A new tool to assess the adulticidal efficacy in vivo of antifilarial drugs for Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :225–226.
-
4
Norões J, Dreyer G, Santos A, Mendes VG, Medeiros Z, Addiss D, 1997. Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :78–81.
-
5
Melrose WD, 2002. Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease. Int J Parasitol 32 :947–960.
-
6
Brown KR, Ricci FM, Ottesen EA, 2000. Ivermectin: effectiveness in lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 121 :S133–S146.
-
7
Ottesen EA, Ismail MM, Horton J, 1999. The role of albendazole in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 15 :382–386.
-
8
International Filariasis Review Group, (David Addiss, Julia Critchley, Henry Ejere, Paul Garner, Hellen Gelband, Carroll Gamble), 2004. Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
-
9
Plaisier AP, Cao WC, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD, 1999. Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of trial results. Parasitology 119 :385–394.
-
10
Stolk WA, Subramanian S, Oortmarssen GJ, Das PK, Habbema JD, 2003. Prospects for elimination of Bancroftian filariasis by mass drug treatment in Pondicherry, India: a simulation study. J Infect Dis 188 :1371–1381.
-
11
Subramanyam Reddy G, Vengatesvarlou N, Das PK, Vanamail P, Vijayan AP, Kala S, Pani SP, 2000. Tolerability and efficacy of single-dose diethyl carbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin in the clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in Pondicherry, south India. Trop Med Int Health 5 :779–785.
-
12
World Health Organization, 1992. Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control. Fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 821 :1–71.
-
13
Vanamail P, Ramaiah KD, Pani SP, Das PK, Grenfell BT, Bundy DA, 1996. Estimation of the fecund life span of Wuchereria bancrofti in an endemic area. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :119–121.
-
14
Subramanian S, Stolk WA, Ramaiah KD, Plaisier AP, Krishnamoorthy K, Van Oortmarssen GJ, Dominic Amalraj D, Habbema JD, Das PK, 2004. The dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of longitudinal data from Pondicherry, India. Parasitology 128 :467–482.
-
15
Figueredo-Silva J, Jungmann P, Norões J, Piessens WF, Coutinho A, Brito C, Rocha A, Dreyer G, 1996. Histological evidence for adulticidal effect of low doses of diethylcarbamazine in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :192–194.
-
16
Dreyer G, Norões J, Amaral F, Nen A, Medeiros Z, Coutinho A, Addiss D, 1995. Direct assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :441–443.
-
17
Dreyer G, Addiss D, Norões J, Amaral F, Rocha A, Coutinho A, 1996. Ultrasonographic assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of repeat high-dose ivermectin in Bancroftian filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 1 :427–432.
-
18
Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Fernando D, De Silva MS, De Silva GA, Balasooriya WK, 2001. Long-term efficacy of single-dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of Bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :332–335.
-
19
Freedman DO, Plier DA, De Almeida AB, De Oliveira AL, Miranda J, Braga C, 2001. Effect of aggressive prolonged diethylcarbamazine therapy on circulating antigen levels in Bancroftian filariasis. Trop Med Int Health 6 :37–41.
-
20
El Setouhy M, Ramzy RMR, Ahmed ES, Kandil AM, Hussain O, Farid HA, Helmy H, Weil GJ, 2004. A randomized clinical trial comparing single- and multi-dose combination therapy with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of Bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :191–196.
-
21
Kshirsagar NA, Gogtay NJ, Garg BS, Deshmukh PR, Rajgor DD, Kadam VS, Kirodian BG, Ingole NS, Mehendale AM, Fleckenstein L, Karbwang J, Lazdins-Helds JK, 2004. Safety, tolerability, efficacy and plasma concentrations of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole co-administration in a field study in an area endemic for lymphatic filariasis in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :205–217.
-
22
Kazura J, Greenberg J, Perry R, Weil G, Day K, Alpers M, 1993. Comparison of single-dose diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin for treatment of Bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :804–811.
-
23
Addiss DG, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ, McNeeley MB, Lee SH, McNeeley DF, Spencer HC, 1993. Comparative efficacy of clearing-dose and single high-dose ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine against Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :178–185.
-
24
Moulia-Pelat JP, Glaziou P, Nguyen LN, Chanteau S, Martin PM, Cartel JL, 1993. Long-term efficacy of single-dose treatment with 400 micrograms.kg-1 of ivermectin in Bancroftian filariasis: results at one year. Trop Med Parasitol 44 :333–334.
-
25
Moulia-Pelat JP, Nguyen LN, Hascoet H, Nicolas L, 1996. Associations de l’ivermectine et de la diethylcarbamazine pour obtenir un meilleur controle de l’infection en filariose lymphatique. Parasite 3 :45–48.
-
26
Nicolas L, Plichart C, Nguyen LN, Moulia-Pelat JP, 1997. Reduction of Wuchereria bancrofti adult worm circulating antigen after annual treatments of diethylcarbamazine combined with ivermectin in French Polynesia. J Infect Dis 175 :489–492.
-
27
Dreyer G, Coutinho A, Miranda D, Norões J, Rizzo JA, Galdino E, Rocha A, Medeiros Z, Andrade LD, Santos A, Figueredo-Silva J, Ottesen EA, 1995. Treatment of Bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Brazil: a two-year comparative study of the efficacy of single treatments with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :98–102.
-
28
Kimura E, Penaia L, Spears GF, 1985. The efficacy of annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate against diurnally subperiodic Bancroftian filariasis in Samoa. Bull World Health Organ 63 :1097–1106.
-
29
Andrade LD, Medeiros Z, Pires ML, Pimentel A, Rocha A, Figueredo-Silva J, Coutinho A, Dreyer G, 1995. Comparative efficacy of three different diethylcarbamazine regimens in lymphatic filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :319–321.
-
30
Pani S, Subramanyam Reddy G, Das L, Vanamail P, Hoti S, Ramesh J, Das P, 2002. Tolerability and efficacy of single dose albendazole, diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) or co-administration of albendazole with DEC in the clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti in asymptomatic microfilaraemic volunteers in Pondicherry, South India: a hospital-based study. Filaria J 1 :1.
-
31
Cao WC, Van der Ploeg CP, Plaisier AP, van der Sluijs IJ, Habbema JD, 1997. Ivermectin for the chemotherapy of Bancroftian filariasis: a meta-analysis of the effect of single treatment. Trop Med Int Health 2 :393–403.
-
32
Ottesen EA, Duke BOL, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75 :491–503.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 229 | 179 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 276 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 75 | 3 | 0 |