PLASMODIUM SIMIUM AND SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS AS A MODEL SYSTEM FOR TESTING CANDIDATE VACCINES AGAINST PLASMODIUM VIVAX

WILLIAM E. COLLINS Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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JOANN S. SULLIVAN Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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G. GALE GALLAND Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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ALLISON WILLIAMS Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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DOUGLAS NACE Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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TYRONE WILLIAMS Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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JOHN W. BARNWELL Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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Observations on Plasmodium simium infections in Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis monkeys suggest that this host-parasite combination would be a suitable model for the testing of candidate vaccines against Plasmodium vivax. To evaluate the normal course of infections, parasitemia in 52 splenectomized S. boliviensis boliviensis monkeys infected with P. simium were analyzed. The mean maximum parasite count for 31 monkeys after injection with trophozoite-infected erythrocytes was 77,580/μL. Twenty-one monkeys were infected via sporozoites, and prepatent periods ranged from 14 to 24 days with a median of 15 days. The mean maximum parasite count was 29,234/μL. The mean maximum parasite count for monkeys previously infected with Old World P. vivax was 26,337/μL versus 56,362/μL for those previously infected with New World P. vivax, possibly suggesting a closer antigenic relationship between P. simium and the Old World parasites.

Author Notes

Reprint requests: William E. Collins, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop F-36, 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341. E-mail: wec1@cdc.gov
  • 1

    Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren McW, Contacos PG, 1971. The Primate Malarias. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

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  • 2

    Goldman IF, Qari SH, Millet PG, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1993. Circumsporozoite protein gene of Plasmodium simium, a Plasmodium vivax-like monkey malaria parasite. Mol Biochem Parasitol 57 :177–180.

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  • 3

    Collins WE, Nussenzweig RS, Ballou WR, Ruebush TK II, Nardin EH, Chulay JD, Majarian WR, Young JF, Wasserman GF, Bathurst I, Gibson HL, Barr PJ, Hoffman SL, Wasserman SS, Broderson JR, Skinner JC, Procell PM, Flipski VK, Wilson CL, 1989. Immunization of Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys with recombinant vaccines based on the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax.Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :455–464.

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  • 4

    Collins WE, Nussenzweig RS, Ruebush TK II, Bathurst I, Nardin EH, Gibson HL, Campbell GH, Barr PJ, Broderson JR, Skinner JC, Flipski VK, Stanfill PS, Roberts JM, Wilson CL, 1990. Further studies on the immunization of Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys with recombinant vaccines based on the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax.Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :576–583.

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  • 5

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Millet P, Filipski VK, Morris CL, Wilkins PM, Campbell GH, Stanfill PS, Richardson BB, Sullivan JJ, 1992. Reinforcement of immunity in Saimiri monkeys following immunization with irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax.Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :327–334.

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  • 6

    Collins WE, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Galland GG, Jue DL, Fang S, Wohlhueter R, Reed RC, Yang C, Hunter RL, Lal AA, 1997. Protective immunity induced in squirrel monkeys with a multiple antigen construct (MAC) against the CS protein of Plasmodium vivax.Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :200–210.

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  • 7

    Collins WE, Kaslow DC, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Galland GG, Yang C, Saekhou AM, Xiao L, Lal AA, 1999. Testing the efficacy of a recombinant merozoite surface protein (MSP-119) of Plasmodium vivax in Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :350–356.

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  • 8

    Millet P, Collins WE, Broderson JR, Bathurst I, Nardin E, Nussenzweig RS, 1991. Inhibitory activity against Plasmodium vivax sporozoites induced by plasma from Saimiri monkeys immunized with circumsporozoite recombinant proteins or irradiated sporozoites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :44–48.

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  • 9

    Yang C, Collins WE, Xiau L, Saekhou AM, Reed RC, Nelson CO, Hunter RL, Jue DL, Fang S, Wohlhueter RM, Udayakumar V, Lal AA, 1997. Induction of protective antibodies in Saimiri monkeys by immunization with a multiple antigen construct (MAC) containing the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein repeat region and a universal T helper epitope of tetanus toxin. Vaccine 15 :377–386.

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  • 10

    Yang C, Collins WE, Sullivan JS, Kaslow DC, Xiao L, Galland GG, Lal AA, 1999. Partial protection against Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection in Saimiri monkeys by immunization with a recombinant C-terminus of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) in block copolymer adjuvant. Infect Immun 67 :342–349.

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  • 11

    Deane LM, Okumura M, 1965. Malaria de macacos dos arredores de Sao Paulo. I. Susceptibilidade do macaco-de-cheiro Saimiri sciureus ao Plasmodium simium do bugio alouatta fusca.Rev Paul Med 66 :171–172.

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  • 12

    Collins WE, Contacos PG, Guinn EG, 1969. Observations on the sporogonic cycle and transmission of Plasmodium simium do Fonsica. J Parasitol 55 :685–686.

  • 13

    Collins WE, Contacos PG, Guinn EG, Skinner JC, 1973. Plasmodium simium in the Aotus trivirgatus monkey. J Parasitol 59 :49–51.

  • 14

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Pappaioanou M, Broderson JR, Ma NS-F, Stanfill PS, Filipski V, 1987. Transmission of Plasmodium simium to Aotus nancymai, A. vociferans, A. azarae boliviensis, and Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. J Parasitol 73 :653–655.

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  • 15

    Escalanta AA, Freeland DE, Collins WE, Lal AA, 1998. The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding Cytochrome B from the linear mitochrondrial genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 :8124–8129.

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  • 16

    Li J, Collins WE, Wirtz RA, Rathore D, Lal A, McCutchan TF, 2001. Geographic distribution of the range of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax.Emerg Infect Dis 7 :35–42.

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  • 17

    Earle WC, Perez M, 1932. Enumeration of parasites in the blood of malarial patients. J Lab Clin Med 17 :1124–1130.

  • 18

    Collins WE, Guinn EG, Held JR, 1966. Studies on the transmission of two strains of Plasmodium inui by Anopheles maculatus and A. stephensi.J Parasitol 52 :664–668.

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  • 19

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Pappaioanou M, Broderson JR, Filipski VK, McClure HM, Strobert E, Sutton BB, Stanfill PS, Huong AY, 1988. Sporozoite-induced infections of the Salvador I strain of Plasmopdium vivax in Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. J Parasitol 74 :582–585.

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  • 20

    Collins WE, Morris CL, Richardson BB, Sullivan JS, Galland GG, 1994. Further studies on the sporozoite transmission of the Salvador strain of Plasmodium vivax.J Parasitol 80 :512–517.

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  • 21

    Waters AP, Higgins AG, McCutchans TF, 1993. Evolutionary relatedness of some primate models of Plasmodium.Mol Biol Evol 10 :914–923.

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