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-
1
Bora D, Singh J, Bhattacharjee J, Kureel V, Singh S, Sharma RS, 1994. An estimate of Kala-azar in 1991 in district Vaishali and Bihar. J Commun Dis 26 :120–122.
-
2
Thakur CP, 2000. Socio-economies of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :156–157.
-
3
Zijlstra EE, Musa AM, Khalil EA, el-Hassan IM, el-Hassan AM, 2003. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :87–98.
-
4
Bora D, 1999. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Natl Med J India 12 :62–68.
-
5
Sharma MC, Gupta AK, Das VN, Verma N, Kumar N, Saran R, Kar SK, 2000. Leishmania donovani in blood smears of asymptomatic persons. Acta Trop 76 :195–196.
-
6
Dhiman RC, Sen AB, 1991. Epidemiology of Kala-azar in rural Bihar (India) using village as a component unit of study. Indian J Med Res 93 :155–160.
-
7
Dinesh DS, Dhiman RC, Ranjan A, Prasad SK, Kishore K, Kar SK, 1994. The cross-sectional epidemiological studies on Kala-azar around Patna City in Bihar. Indian J Parasitol 18 :143–147.
-
8
Napier LE, 1926. An epidemiological consideration of the transmission of Kala-azar in India. India Med Res Memoir 4 :219–265.
-
9
Kirkwood BR, 1988. Calculation of required sample size. Essential of Medical Statistics. First edition. Oxford: United Kingdom: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 191–200.
-
10
Hati AK, 1983. Current status of leishmaniasis—vector biology. Proceedings of the Indo-UK Workshop on Leishmaniasis, 84–91.
-
11
Kumar V, Kesari S, Sinha NK, Palit A, Ranjan A, Kishore K, 1995. Field trial of an ecological approach for the control of Phlebotomus argentipes using mud and lime plaster. Indian J Med Res 101 :154–156.
-
12
Napier LE, Das Gupta CP, 1931. An epidemiological investigation of kala-azar in rural area in Bengal. Indian J Med Res 19 :205–241.
-
13
Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :184–188.
-
14
Dinesh DS, Dhiman RC, 1991. Plant sources of fructose to sand-flies, particularly Phlebotomus argentipes in nature. J Commun Dis 23 :160–161.
-
15
Dhiman RC, Dinesh DS, 1992. An experimental study to find out the source of fructose to sand flies. Indian J Parasitol 16 :159–160.
-
16
Lal CS, Kumar V, Ranjan A, Das VNR, Kumar N, Kishore K, Bhattacharya SK, 2004. Evaluation of cholinesterase level in an endemic population exposed to malathion suspension formulation as a vector control measure. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :219–221.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 269 | 227 | 17 |
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RISK FACTORS FOR INDIAN KALA-AZAR
ALOK RANJAN
ALOK RANJAN
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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DIPIKA SUR
DIPIKA SUR
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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VIJAY P. SINGH
VIJAY P. SINGH
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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NIYAMAT A. SIDDIQUE
NIYAMAT A. SIDDIQUE
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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BYOMKESH MANNA
BYOMKESH MANNA
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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CHANDRA S. LAL
CHANDRA S. LAL
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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PRABHAT K. SINHA
PRABHAT K. SINHA
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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KAMAL KISHORE
KAMAL KISHORE
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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SUJIT K. BHATTACHARYA
SUJIT K. BHATTACHARYA
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Agamkuan, Patna, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India
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A case-control study was conducted to understand the risk factors associated with kala-azar in disease-endemic areas of Bihar, India. A total of 134 kala-azar cases treated at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences in Patna and 406 healthy controls selected randomly from the neighborhoods of cases in their native villages were included in the study. Univariate analysis showed that education, a history of other diseases in the previous year, a history of kala-azar in the family, type of walls in houses, presence of a granary inside houses, presence of vegetation around houses, bamboo trees near houses, and irregular spraying around houses with DDT were risk factors. Multivariate analysis showed that a history of other diseases in the previous year (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, P = 0.002), a history of kala-azar in the family (OR = 1.8, P = 0.03), mud-plastered walls in houses, (OR = 2.4, P = 0.0001], a granary inside houses (OR = 4.3, P = 0.0001), presence of bamboo trees around houses (OR = 2.3, P = 0.001), and houses not sprayed with DDT in the past six months (OR = 3.4, P = 0.0001) were significant risk factors for kala-azar. These results will be useful in developing kala-azar control programs for identifying intervention strategies such as better housing, regular and proper insecticide spraying, and promoting health awareness to the community residing in disease-endemic areas for reducing transmission and incidence of this disease.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
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-
1
Bora D, Singh J, Bhattacharjee J, Kureel V, Singh S, Sharma RS, 1994. An estimate of Kala-azar in 1991 in district Vaishali and Bihar. J Commun Dis 26 :120–122.
-
2
Thakur CP, 2000. Socio-economies of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :156–157.
-
3
Zijlstra EE, Musa AM, Khalil EA, el-Hassan IM, el-Hassan AM, 2003. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :87–98.
-
4
Bora D, 1999. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Natl Med J India 12 :62–68.
-
5
Sharma MC, Gupta AK, Das VN, Verma N, Kumar N, Saran R, Kar SK, 2000. Leishmania donovani in blood smears of asymptomatic persons. Acta Trop 76 :195–196.
-
6
Dhiman RC, Sen AB, 1991. Epidemiology of Kala-azar in rural Bihar (India) using village as a component unit of study. Indian J Med Res 93 :155–160.
-
7
Dinesh DS, Dhiman RC, Ranjan A, Prasad SK, Kishore K, Kar SK, 1994. The cross-sectional epidemiological studies on Kala-azar around Patna City in Bihar. Indian J Parasitol 18 :143–147.
-
8
Napier LE, 1926. An epidemiological consideration of the transmission of Kala-azar in India. India Med Res Memoir 4 :219–265.
-
9
Kirkwood BR, 1988. Calculation of required sample size. Essential of Medical Statistics. First edition. Oxford: United Kingdom: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 191–200.
-
10
Hati AK, 1983. Current status of leishmaniasis—vector biology. Proceedings of the Indo-UK Workshop on Leishmaniasis, 84–91.
-
11
Kumar V, Kesari S, Sinha NK, Palit A, Ranjan A, Kishore K, 1995. Field trial of an ecological approach for the control of Phlebotomus argentipes using mud and lime plaster. Indian J Med Res 101 :154–156.
-
12
Napier LE, Das Gupta CP, 1931. An epidemiological investigation of kala-azar in rural area in Bengal. Indian J Med Res 19 :205–241.
-
13
Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :184–188.
-
14
Dinesh DS, Dhiman RC, 1991. Plant sources of fructose to sand-flies, particularly Phlebotomus argentipes in nature. J Commun Dis 23 :160–161.
-
15
Dhiman RC, Dinesh DS, 1992. An experimental study to find out the source of fructose to sand flies. Indian J Parasitol 16 :159–160.
-
16
Lal CS, Kumar V, Ranjan A, Das VNR, Kumar N, Kishore K, Bhattacharya SK, 2004. Evaluation of cholinesterase level in an endemic population exposed to malathion suspension formulation as a vector control measure. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :219–221.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 269 | 227 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 372 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 144 | 4 | 0 |