- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Relationships between blood microfilaremia and parameters of W. bancrofti infection in mosquitoes.
- Effects of treatment on blood MF counts, MF uptake, and infectivity in mosquitoes.
- Poor (or delayed) responses to treatment.
- Clearance rates.
- Vector competence of mosquitoes fed on MF smear-positive and smear-negative subjects.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
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Reference Manager
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-
1
Molyneux D, Zagaria N, 2002. Lymphatic filariasis elimination: progress in global programme development. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :S15–40.
-
2
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N, 1997. The ICT filariasis test: a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today 13 :401–404.
-
3
Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Nirmalan N, Jayasinghe KSA, Abeyewickrema W, Sheriff MHR, Rajaratnam HN, Amarasekera N, de Silva DCL, Michalski ML, Dissanaike AS, 1998. Efficacy of single dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :94–97.
-
4
Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Fernando D, de Silva MSG, Balasooriya WK, 2001. Long-term efficacy of single-dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :332–335.
-
5
World Health Organization, 2002. Defining the Roles of Vector Control and Xenomonitoring in the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
6
Ottesen EA, Ismail MM, Horton J, 1999. The role of albendazole in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 15 :382–386.
-
7
Horton J, Ottesen E, Lazdins J, Addiss D, Awadzi K, Beach M, Belazario V, Dunyo S, Espinel M, Gyapong J, Hossain M, Ismail M, Jayakody R, Lammie P, Makunde W, Richard-Lenoble D, Selve B, Shenow R, Simonsen P, Wamae C, Weerasooriya M, 2000. An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 121 :S147–160.
-
8
Harb M, Faris R, Gad AM, Hafez ON, Ramzy RMR, Buck AA, 1993. The resurgence of lymphatic filariasis in the Nile delta. Bull World Health Organ 71 :49–54.
-
9
Southgate B, 1979. Bancroftian filariasis in Egypt. Trop Dis Bull 76 :1045–1068.
-
10
Southgate B, 1992. The significance of low density microfilaremia in the transmission of lymphatic filarial parasites. J Trop Med Hyg 95 :79–86.
-
11
Farid HA, Hammad RE, Soliman DA, El-Setouhy M, Ramzy RMR, Weil GJ, 2003. Relationships between Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria counts in human blood and parasite uptake and maturation in Culex pipiens, with observations on the effect of diethylcarbamazine treatment on these parameters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :286–293.
-
12
El-Setouhy M, Ramzy R, Ahmed E, Kandil A, Hussain O, Farid H, Helmy H, Weil G, 2004. A randomized clinical trial comparing single- and multi-dose combination therapy with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :191–196.
-
13
Abdul-Fattah M, El-Karamany E, El-Gindy A, Nimr W, El-Shamy M, 2002. Bancroftian filariasis: clinical, parasitological, and serologic evaluation after 4 years applying two antifilarial regimens. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 32 :849–853.
-
14
Pani S, Subramanyam G, Das L, Vanamail P, Hoti S, Ramesh J, Das P, 2002. Tolerability and efficacy of single dose albendazole, diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) or co-administration of albendazole with DEC in the clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti in asymptomatic microfilaraemic volunteers in Pondicherry, south India: a hospital-based study. Filaria J 1 :1.
-
15
Rajendran R, Sunish I, Mani T, Munirathinam A, Abdullah S, Augustin D, Satyanarayana K, 2002. The influence of the mass administration of diethylcarbamazine, alone or with albendazole, on the prevalence of filarial antigenaemia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :595–602.
-
16
Supali T, Ismid I, Ruckert P, Fischer P, 2002. Treatment of Brugia timori and Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Indonesia using DEC or a combination of DEC and albendazole: adverse reactions and short-term effects on microfilariae. Trop Med Int Health 7 :894–901.
-
17
McLaughlin S, Radday J, Michel M, Addiss D, Beach M, Lammie P, Lammie J, Rheingans R, Lafontant J, 2003. Frequency, severity, and costs of adverse reactions following mass treatment for lymphatic filariasis using diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in Leogane, Haiti, 2000. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :568–573.
-
18
Hammad R, Morsy Z, Farid H, 1998. Relationship between Culex pipiens infection with Wuchereria bancrofti and microfilaria levels in human blood. J Union Arab Biol 9 :441–453.
-
19
Snow LC, Michael E, 2002. Transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis: density-dependence in the uptake of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae by vector mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 16 :409–423.
-
20
Pichon G, 2002. Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against Anopheles-transmitted filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :S143–152.
-
21
Stolk W, Oortmarssen GV, Subramanian S, Das P, Borsboom G, Habbema J, Vlas SD, 2004. Assessing density dependence in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis: uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in the vector mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 18 :57–60.
-
22
Weil GJ, Ramzy RMR, El-Setouhy M, Kandil AM, Ahmed ES, Faris R, 1999. A longitudinal study of bancroftian filariasis in the Nile delta of Egypt: baseline data and one year follow-up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :53–58.
-
23
Ramzy R, El-Setouhy M, Helmy H, Kandil A, Ahmed E, Farid H, Faris R, Weil G, 2002. The impact of single-dose diethyl-carbamazine treatment of bancroftian filariasis in a low-endemicity setting in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :196–200.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 224 | 202 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 248 | 3 | 0 |
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EFFECTS OF COMBINED DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE AND ALBENDAZOLE TREATMENT OF BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS ON PARASITE UPTAKE AND DEVELOPMENT IN CULEX PIPIENS L.
HODA A. FARID
HODA A. FARID
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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RAGAA E. HAMMAD
RAGAA E. HAMMAD
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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MARAH M. HASSAN
MARAH M. HASSAN
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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REDA M. R. RAMZY
REDA M. R. RAMZY
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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MAGED EL SETOUHY
MAGED EL SETOUHY
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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GARY J. WEIL
GARY J. WEIL
Research and Training Center on Vectors of Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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We studied effects of combined diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole (ALB) treatment on Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria (MF) uptake and development of infective larvae (L3) in Culex pipiens. Consenting Egyptian adults with microfilaremia (MF > 300/mL) were treated with one or seven daily doses of DEC/ALB. Laboratory-reared mosquitoes were fed on subjects before and after treatment. MF uptake and infectivity (assessed by mosquito dissection) were reduced by 89.6% and 82.9%, respectively, 12 months after single-dose treatment and by 96.2% and 99.7%, respectively, after multi-dose treatment. The L3:mosquito ratio decreased by 88% to 0.082 after single-dose treatment and by 99.8% to 0.001 after multi-dose treatment. If high coverage rates can be achieved for several annual cycles, mass drug administration (MDA) with DEC/ALB has the potential to decrease transmission to unsustainable levels and eliminate filariasis in populations. Multi-dose MDA (especially in the first year) might interrupt transmission with fewer cycles than single-dose treatment.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Relationships between blood microfilaremia and parameters of W. bancrofti infection in mosquitoes.
- Effects of treatment on blood MF counts, MF uptake, and infectivity in mosquitoes.
- Poor (or delayed) responses to treatment.
- Clearance rates.
- Vector competence of mosquitoes fed on MF smear-positive and smear-negative subjects.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Molyneux D, Zagaria N, 2002. Lymphatic filariasis elimination: progress in global programme development. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :S15–40.
-
2
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N, 1997. The ICT filariasis test: a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today 13 :401–404.
-
3
Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Nirmalan N, Jayasinghe KSA, Abeyewickrema W, Sheriff MHR, Rajaratnam HN, Amarasekera N, de Silva DCL, Michalski ML, Dissanaike AS, 1998. Efficacy of single dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :94–97.
-
4
Ismail MM, Jayakody RL, Weil GJ, Fernando D, de Silva MSG, Balasooriya WK, 2001. Long-term efficacy of single-dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :332–335.
-
5
World Health Organization, 2002. Defining the Roles of Vector Control and Xenomonitoring in the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
6
Ottesen EA, Ismail MM, Horton J, 1999. The role of albendazole in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 15 :382–386.
-
7
Horton J, Ottesen E, Lazdins J, Addiss D, Awadzi K, Beach M, Belazario V, Dunyo S, Espinel M, Gyapong J, Hossain M, Ismail M, Jayakody R, Lammie P, Makunde W, Richard-Lenoble D, Selve B, Shenow R, Simonsen P, Wamae C, Weerasooriya M, 2000. An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 121 :S147–160.
-
8
Harb M, Faris R, Gad AM, Hafez ON, Ramzy RMR, Buck AA, 1993. The resurgence of lymphatic filariasis in the Nile delta. Bull World Health Organ 71 :49–54.
-
9
Southgate B, 1979. Bancroftian filariasis in Egypt. Trop Dis Bull 76 :1045–1068.
-
10
Southgate B, 1992. The significance of low density microfilaremia in the transmission of lymphatic filarial parasites. J Trop Med Hyg 95 :79–86.
-
11
Farid HA, Hammad RE, Soliman DA, El-Setouhy M, Ramzy RMR, Weil GJ, 2003. Relationships between Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria counts in human blood and parasite uptake and maturation in Culex pipiens, with observations on the effect of diethylcarbamazine treatment on these parameters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :286–293.
-
12
El-Setouhy M, Ramzy R, Ahmed E, Kandil A, Hussain O, Farid H, Helmy H, Weil G, 2004. A randomized clinical trial comparing single- and multi-dose combination therapy with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :191–196.
-
13
Abdul-Fattah M, El-Karamany E, El-Gindy A, Nimr W, El-Shamy M, 2002. Bancroftian filariasis: clinical, parasitological, and serologic evaluation after 4 years applying two antifilarial regimens. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 32 :849–853.
-
14
Pani S, Subramanyam G, Das L, Vanamail P, Hoti S, Ramesh J, Das P, 2002. Tolerability and efficacy of single dose albendazole, diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) or co-administration of albendazole with DEC in the clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti in asymptomatic microfilaraemic volunteers in Pondicherry, south India: a hospital-based study. Filaria J 1 :1.
-
15
Rajendran R, Sunish I, Mani T, Munirathinam A, Abdullah S, Augustin D, Satyanarayana K, 2002. The influence of the mass administration of diethylcarbamazine, alone or with albendazole, on the prevalence of filarial antigenaemia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :595–602.
-
16
Supali T, Ismid I, Ruckert P, Fischer P, 2002. Treatment of Brugia timori and Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Indonesia using DEC or a combination of DEC and albendazole: adverse reactions and short-term effects on microfilariae. Trop Med Int Health 7 :894–901.
-
17
McLaughlin S, Radday J, Michel M, Addiss D, Beach M, Lammie P, Lammie J, Rheingans R, Lafontant J, 2003. Frequency, severity, and costs of adverse reactions following mass treatment for lymphatic filariasis using diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in Leogane, Haiti, 2000. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :568–573.
-
18
Hammad R, Morsy Z, Farid H, 1998. Relationship between Culex pipiens infection with Wuchereria bancrofti and microfilaria levels in human blood. J Union Arab Biol 9 :441–453.
-
19
Snow LC, Michael E, 2002. Transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis: density-dependence in the uptake of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae by vector mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 16 :409–423.
-
20
Pichon G, 2002. Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against Anopheles-transmitted filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :S143–152.
-
21
Stolk W, Oortmarssen GV, Subramanian S, Das P, Borsboom G, Habbema J, Vlas SD, 2004. Assessing density dependence in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis: uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in the vector mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 18 :57–60.
-
22
Weil GJ, Ramzy RMR, El-Setouhy M, Kandil AM, Ahmed ES, Faris R, 1999. A longitudinal study of bancroftian filariasis in the Nile delta of Egypt: baseline data and one year follow-up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :53–58.
-
23
Ramzy R, El-Setouhy M, Helmy H, Kandil A, Ahmed E, Farid H, Faris R, Weil G, 2002. The impact of single-dose diethyl-carbamazine treatment of bancroftian filariasis in a low-endemicity setting in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :196–200.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 224 | 202 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 248 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 49 | 3 | 0 |