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-
1
Frenkel JK, Dubey JP, Miller NL, 1970. Toxoplasma gondii in cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science 167 :893–896.
-
2
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O, 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363 :1965–1976.
-
3
Gibson CL, Coleman N, 1958. The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7 :334–338.
-
4
Sinibaldi J, de Ramirez I, 1992. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in live Guatemalan newborns. Eur J Epidemiol 8 :516–520.
-
5
Steinberg EB, Mendoza CE, Glass R, Arana B, Lopez MB, Mejia M, Gold BD, Priest JW, Bibb W, Monroe SS, Bern C, Bell BP, Hoekstra RM, Klein R, Mintz E, Luby S, 2004. Prevalence of infection with waterborne pathogens: a seroepidemiologic study in children 6–36 months old in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :83–88.
-
6
Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Wilson M, McQuillan G, Navin T, McAuley JB, 2001. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 154 :357–365.
-
8
Cochran WG, 1954. Some methods for strengthening the common X2 tests. Biometrics 10 :417–451.
-
9
Mantel N, Haenszel W, 1959. Statistical aspects of the analysis of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 22 :719–748.
-
10
Greenland S, 1994. Modeling risk ratios from matched cohort data: an estimating equation approach. Appl Stat 43 :223–232.
-
11
Robbins AS, Chao SY, Fonseca VP, 2002. What’s the relative risk? A method to directly estimate risk ratios in cohort studies of common outcomes. Ann Epidemiol 12 :452–454.
-
12
Skov T, Deddens J, Petersen MR, Endahl L, 1994. Prevalence proportion ratios: estimation and hypothesis testing. Int J Epidemiol 27 :91–95.
-
13
Remington JS, Efron B, Cavanaugh E, Simon HJ, Trejos A, 1970. Studies on toxoplasmosis in El Salvador, prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis as measured by the Sabin-Feldman dye test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 64 :252–267.
-
14
Sinibaldi J, De Ramirez I, 1992. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in live Guatemalan newborns. Eur J Epidemiol 8 :516–520.
-
15
Sacks JJ, Roberto RR, Brooks NF, 1982. Toxoplasmosis infection associated with raw goats milk. JAMA 248 :1728–1732.
-
16
Skinner LJ, Timperly AC, Wightman D, Chatterton JM, Ho-Yen DO, 1990. Simultaneous diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in goats and goatowner’s family. Scand J Infect Dis 22 :359–361.
-
17
Chiari CA, Neves DP, 1984. Human toxoplasmosis acquired by ingestion of goat’s milk. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 79 :337–340.
-
18
Bahia-Oliveira LMG, Jones JL, Azevedo-Silva J, Alves CCF, Orifice F, Addiss DG, 2003. Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in North Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :55–62.
-
19
Etheredge GD, Frenkel JK, 1995. Human Toxoplasma infection in Kuna and Embera children in the Bayano and San Blas, eastern Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :448–457.
-
20
Frenkel JK, Hassanein KM, Hassanein RS, Brown E, Thulliez P, Quintero-Nunez R, 1995. Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Panama City, Panama: a five-year prospective cohort study of children, cats, rodents, birds, and soil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :458–468.
-
21
Glasner PD, Silveira CS, Kruszon-Moran D, Martins MC, Burnier M Jr, Silveira S, Camargo ME, Nussenblatt RB, Kaslow RA, Belfort R Jr, 1992. An unusually high prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis in southern Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol 114 :136–144.
-
22
Silveira C, Belfort R, Muccioli C, Abreu MT, Martins MC, Victora C, Nusssenblatt RB, Holland GN, 2001. A follow-up study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in southern Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol 131 :351–354.
-
23
Silveira C, 2002. A Maior Epedemia do Mundo. Toxoplasmose: Duvidas e Controversias. Erechim RS, Brazil: EdiFAPES, 80.
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TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN RURAL GUATEMALAN CHILDREN
JEFFREY L. JONES
JEFFREY L. JONES
Division of Parasitic Diseases, and Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit, University de Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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BEATRIZ LOPEZ
BEATRIZ LOPEZ
Division of Parasitic Diseases, and Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit, University de Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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MARICRUZ ALVAREZ MURY
MARICRUZ ALVAREZ MURY
Division of Parasitic Diseases, and Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit, University de Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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MARIANNA WILSON
MARIANNA WILSON
Division of Parasitic Diseases, and Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit, University de Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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ROBERT KLEIN
ROBERT KLEIN
Division of Parasitic Diseases, and Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit, University de Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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STEPHEN LUBY
STEPHEN LUBY
Division of Parasitic Diseases, and Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit, University de Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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JAMES H. MAGUIRE
JAMES H. MAGUIRE
Division of Parasitic Diseases, and Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Medical Entomology Research and Training Unit, University de Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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To determine the prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in Guatemalan children, in 1999 and 2003 we surveyed caretakers and serologically tested children in the San Juan Sacatepequez area using Platelia Toxo IgG TMB enzyme immunoassay kits. In 1999, of 532 children six months to two years old, 66 (12.4%) were antibody positive. In 2003, in 500 children 3–10 years old antibody prevalence increased from 24% to 43% at age five years then leveled off. By multivariate analysis, drinking well water (relative risk [RR] = 1.78, 95% confidence limit [CL] = 1.00, 3.17, P = 0.05) and not cleaning up cat feces (RR = 2.06, 95% CL = 1.00, 4.28, P = 0.05) increased the risk of T. gondii seropositivity. Most T. gondii infections in children from these villages occurred by age five, but half were still not infected by adolescence. Therefore, it is important to educate girls entering child-bearing age about the risks of acute T. gondii infection and the local risk factors for infection.
Author Notes
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-
1
Frenkel JK, Dubey JP, Miller NL, 1970. Toxoplasma gondii in cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science 167 :893–896.
-
2
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O, 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363 :1965–1976.
-
3
Gibson CL, Coleman N, 1958. The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7 :334–338.
-
4
Sinibaldi J, de Ramirez I, 1992. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in live Guatemalan newborns. Eur J Epidemiol 8 :516–520.
-
5
Steinberg EB, Mendoza CE, Glass R, Arana B, Lopez MB, Mejia M, Gold BD, Priest JW, Bibb W, Monroe SS, Bern C, Bell BP, Hoekstra RM, Klein R, Mintz E, Luby S, 2004. Prevalence of infection with waterborne pathogens: a seroepidemiologic study in children 6–36 months old in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :83–88.
-
6
Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Wilson M, McQuillan G, Navin T, McAuley JB, 2001. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 154 :357–365.
-
8
Cochran WG, 1954. Some methods for strengthening the common X2 tests. Biometrics 10 :417–451.
-
9
Mantel N, Haenszel W, 1959. Statistical aspects of the analysis of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 22 :719–748.
-
10
Greenland S, 1994. Modeling risk ratios from matched cohort data: an estimating equation approach. Appl Stat 43 :223–232.
-
11
Robbins AS, Chao SY, Fonseca VP, 2002. What’s the relative risk? A method to directly estimate risk ratios in cohort studies of common outcomes. Ann Epidemiol 12 :452–454.
-
12
Skov T, Deddens J, Petersen MR, Endahl L, 1994. Prevalence proportion ratios: estimation and hypothesis testing. Int J Epidemiol 27 :91–95.
-
13
Remington JS, Efron B, Cavanaugh E, Simon HJ, Trejos A, 1970. Studies on toxoplasmosis in El Salvador, prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis as measured by the Sabin-Feldman dye test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 64 :252–267.
-
14
Sinibaldi J, De Ramirez I, 1992. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in live Guatemalan newborns. Eur J Epidemiol 8 :516–520.
-
15
Sacks JJ, Roberto RR, Brooks NF, 1982. Toxoplasmosis infection associated with raw goats milk. JAMA 248 :1728–1732.
-
16
Skinner LJ, Timperly AC, Wightman D, Chatterton JM, Ho-Yen DO, 1990. Simultaneous diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in goats and goatowner’s family. Scand J Infect Dis 22 :359–361.
-
17
Chiari CA, Neves DP, 1984. Human toxoplasmosis acquired by ingestion of goat’s milk. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 79 :337–340.
-
18
Bahia-Oliveira LMG, Jones JL, Azevedo-Silva J, Alves CCF, Orifice F, Addiss DG, 2003. Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in North Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :55–62.
-
19
Etheredge GD, Frenkel JK, 1995. Human Toxoplasma infection in Kuna and Embera children in the Bayano and San Blas, eastern Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :448–457.
-
20
Frenkel JK, Hassanein KM, Hassanein RS, Brown E, Thulliez P, Quintero-Nunez R, 1995. Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Panama City, Panama: a five-year prospective cohort study of children, cats, rodents, birds, and soil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :458–468.
-
21
Glasner PD, Silveira CS, Kruszon-Moran D, Martins MC, Burnier M Jr, Silveira S, Camargo ME, Nussenblatt RB, Kaslow RA, Belfort R Jr, 1992. An unusually high prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis in southern Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol 114 :136–144.
-
22
Silveira C, Belfort R, Muccioli C, Abreu MT, Martins MC, Victora C, Nusssenblatt RB, Holland GN, 2001. A follow-up study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in southern Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol 131 :351–354.
-
23
Silveira C, 2002. A Maior Epedemia do Mundo. Toxoplasmose: Duvidas e Controversias. Erechim RS, Brazil: EdiFAPES, 80.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 532 | 492 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 292 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 97 | 2 | 0 |