ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
United Nations, 2001. Road Map Towards the Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, Report of the Secretary-General. New York.
-
2
Oxford University Press, 1982. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Seventh Edition. London.
-
3
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development Assistance Committee, 2003. Development Cooperation, and International Development Statistics on CD-ROM. Paris.
-
4
Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I, eds, 1988. Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology. London: Churchill Livingston.
-
5
Bruce-Chwatt L, 1987. Malaria and its control: present situation and future prospects. Annu Rev Public Health 8 :75–110.
-
6
Roll Back Malaria, 2002. Achieving Impact: Roll Back Malaria in the Next Phase: Report of the External Evaluation Report of Roll Back Malaria. Geneva.
-
7
World Health Organization, 1988. Antimalarial activities: the last 40 years. Antimalarial action program. World Health Stat Q 41 :64–73.
-
8
Sachs JD, 2002. A new global effort to control malaria. Science 298 :122–124.
-
9
Davies CS, 1999. The Multilateral Initiative on Malaria: coordination and co-operation in international malaria research. Parassitologia 41 :497–500.
-
10
Narasimhan V, Attaran A, 2003. Roll Back Malaria? The scarcity of international aid for malaria control. Malar J 15 :8.
-
11
Tan DH, Upshur RE, Ford N, 2003. Global plagues and the Global Fund: challenges in the fight against HIV, TB and malaria. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 1 :2.
-
12
Wheeler C, Berkley S, 2001. Initial lessons from public-private partnerships in drug and vaccine development. Bull World Health Organ 79 :728–734.
-
13
Rabinovich NR, 2002. Are we there yet? The road to a malaria vaccine. West J Med 176 :82–84.
-
14
Kidson C, 1992. Global malaria challenge: the Amsterdam summit. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 23 :635–640.
-
15
Teklehaimanot A, Bosman A, 1999. Opportunities, problems and perspectives for malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa. Parassitologia 41 :335–338.
-
16
Anonymous, 1998. Worldwide battle against malaria. Afr Health 20 :34.
-
17
Yamey G, 2000. African heads of state promise action against malaria. BMJ 320 :1228.
-
18
Buse K, Walt G, 2000. Global public-private partnerships. Part I. A new development in health? Bull World Health Organ 78 :549–561.
-
19
Buse K, Walt G, 2000. Global public-private partnerships. Part II. What are the health issues for global governance? Bull World Health Organ 78 :699–709.
-
20
Perkin G, Foege W, 2000. A conversation with the leaders of the Gates Foundation’s Global Health Program: Gordon. Lancet 356 :153–155.
-
21
Morel CM, 2002. Reaching maturity—25 years of the TDR. Parasitol Today 16 :522–528.
-
22
Kickbusch I, 2000. The development of international health policies—accountability intact? Soc Sci Med 51 :979–989.
-
23
Beattie P, Renshaw M, Davies C, 1999. Strengthening Health Research in the Developing World: Malaria Research Capacity in Africa. London: Wellcome Trust.
-
24
WHO, 2000. WHO Expert Committee on Malaria. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 892.
-
25
Frankish H, 2003. Money being wasted in fight against malaria, says MSF. Lancet 361 :1530.
-
26
Sina BJ, Aultman K, 2001. Resisting resistance. Trends Parasitol 17 :305–306.
-
27
Gilles HM, Lucas AO, 1998. Tropical medicine: 100 years of progress. Br Med Bull 54 :269–280.
-
28
Bradley DJ, 1999. The Last and the next hundred years of malariology. Parassitologia 41 :11–18.
-
29
Rajakumar K, Weisse M, 1999.Centennial year of Romald Ross’ epic discovery of malaria transmission: an essay and tribute. South Med J 92 :567–571.
-
30
Fantini B, 1998. Antimalarial strategies in Italy, 1880–1930. Parassitologia 40 :91–101.
-
31
Bockarie MJ, Gbakima AA, Barnish G, 1999. It all began with Ronald Ross: 100 years of malaria research and control in Sierra Leone (1899–1999). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :213–224.
-
32
Reference Division, Central Office of Information London R.1772, September 1949. An Account of the Discoveries of the Pioneers in Anti-Malaria Work; Recent Advances in the Use of Drugs and Insecticides and Some of the Methods Now Employed to Combat Malaria in the Colonial Territories. London.
-
33
Dobson MJ, Malowany M, Snow RW, 2000. Malaria control in East Africa: the Kampala Conference and the Pare-Taveta Scheme: a meeting of common and high ground. Parassitologia 42 :149–166.
-
34
Soper F, 1959. Memorandum on Trip to Africa and Genever, October 31 to December 10, 1959. Chevy Chase, MD.
-
35
Collier P, 1999. On the Economic Consequences of Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers 51 :168–183.
-
36
WHO, 1959. Malaria Eradication Technical Committee Meeting, November 3–6, 1959. Brazzaville: Congo.
-
37
Breman J, Campbell C, 1988. Combating severe malaria in African children. Bull World Health Organ 66 :611–620.
-
38
Henderson D, 1999. Eradication: lessons from the past. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 :16–22.
-
39
Jeffrey G, 1976. Malaria control in the twentieth century. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :361–371.
-
40
Farid MA, 1981. The malaria program—from euphoria to anarchy. World Health Forum 1 :8–33.
-
41
Pampana EJ, 1963. A Textbook of Malaria Eradication. London, Oxford University Press.
-
42
McGinn AP, 2003. Combating Malaria. State of the World. World Watch Institute. New York: W.W. Norton & Company
-
43
Molineaux L, Storey J, Cohen JE, Thomas A, 1980. A longitudinal study of human malaria in the West African Savanna in the absence of control measures: relationships between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae.Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 :725–737.
-
44
Payne D, Grab B, Fontaine RE, Hempel JH, 1976. Impact of control measures on malaria transmission and general mortality. Bull World Health Organ 54 :369–377.
-
45
Kager P, 2002. Malaria control: constraints and opportunities. Trop Med Int Health. 7 :1042–1046.
-
46
United Nations, 1994. Inter-Agency Standing Committee of United Nations (IASC). Geneva.
-
47
Anonymous, 2003. A single agenda needed for malaria (editorial). Lancet Infect Dis 3 :317.
-
48
Siegel ER, Royall J, Bennett M, 2001. Enhancing communications and connectivity in Africa: the multilateral initiative on malaria (MIM) model. Medinfo 10 :48–52.
-
49
Sina B, 2000. The multilateral initiative on malaria: an action plan. Parasitol Today 16 :139–140.
-
50
Sina B, 2002. Focus on Plasmodium vivax.Trends Parasitol 18 :287–289.
-
51
Nchinda T, 1998. Malaria: a reemerging disease in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :398–403.
-
52
Secretariat MIM, 2002. Review of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria. Bethesda, MD: Fogarty International Center, U.S. National Institutes of Health.
-
53
WHO/CDS/RBM, 2000. The Africa Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja. The Conference Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
54
Alnwick D, 2001. Meeting the Malaria Challenge. Africa Health (Suppl):18–19.
-
55
Balter M, 2000. Can WHO Roll Back Malaria? Science 290 :430.
-
56
Nabarro DN, Tayler EM, 1998. The “Roll Back Malaria” Campaign. Science 280 :2067–2068.
-
57
Ridley R, 2002. Introduction. Antimalarial drug resistance: ramifications, explanations and challenges. Microbes Infect 4 :155–156.
-
58
Ridley R, 2002. Medical need, scientific opportunity and the drive for antimalarial drugs. Nature 415 :686–693.
-
59
Ridley R, 1999. Planting the seeds of new antimalarial drugs. Science 3 :1502–1503.
-
60
Moerman F, Lengeler C, Chimumbwa J, Talisuna A, Erhart A, Coosemans M, D’Alessandro U, 2003. The contribution of health-care services to a sound and sustainable malaria-control policy. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :99–102.
-
61
France T, Ooms G, Rivers B. (2002) The GFATM (Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria): which countries owe, and how much? IAPAC Mon 8 :138 and 141.
-
62
Lambert ML, van der Stuyft P, 2002. Editorial: Global Health Fund or Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria? Trop Med Int Health 7 :557–558.
-
63
Killeen G, Fillinger U, Kiche I, Gouagna L, Knols B, 2002. Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control in Africa? Lancet Infect Dis 2 :618–627.
-
64
Breman J, LeDuc J, 2001. International partnerships in infectious diseases research, training, and control. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (Suppl):542.
-
65
Walt G, Buse K, 2000. Partnership and fragmentation in international health: threat or opportunity? Trop Med Int Health. 5 :467–471.
-
66
Walt G, Pavignani E, Gilson L, Buse K, 1999. Managing external resources in the health sector: are there lessons for SWAps (sector-wide approaches)? Health Policy Plann 14 :273–284.
-
67
Walt G, Pavignani E, Gilson L, Buse K, 1999. Health sector development: from aid coordination to resource management. Health Policy Plann 14 :207–218.
-
68
Buse K, Walt G, 2000. Role conflict? The World Bank and the world’s health. Soc Sci Med. 50 :177–179.
-
69
Buse K, Walt G, Vaughan JP, 1997. More dollars, more sense? Lancet 350 :1494.
-
70
Buse K, Walt G, 1997. An unruly melange? Coordinating external resources to the health sector: a review. Soc Sci Med 45 :449–463.
-
71
Buse K, Walt G, 1996. Aid coordination for health sector reform: a conceptual framework for analysis and assessment. Health Policy 38 :173–187.
-
72
Utzinger J, Tozan Y, Doumani F, Singer BH, 2002. The economic payoffs of integrated malaria control in the Zambian Copper-belt between 1930 and 1950. Trop Med Int Health 7 :657–677.
-
73
Gish O, 1992. Malaria eradication and the selective approach to health care: some lessons from Ethiopia. Int J Health Serv 22 :179–192.
-
74
Kilama W, 2003. The Newsletter of African Malaria Network Trust No.13 June. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 520 | 469 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 363 | 5 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 132 | 6 | 1 |
ARE MULTILATERAL MALARIA RESEARCH AND CONTROL PROGRAMS THE MOST SUCCESSFUL? LESSONS FROM THE PAST 100 YEARS IN AFRICA
MARTIN S. ALILIO
MARTIN S. ALILIO
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of International Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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IB C. BYGBJERG
IB C. BYGBJERG
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of International Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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JOEL G. BREMAN
JOEL G. BREMAN
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of International Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Multilateral malaria research and control programs in Africa have regained prominence recently as bilateral assistance has diminished. The transnational nature of the threat and the need for inspired leadership, good coordination, and new discoveries to decrease the impact of the disease has led to the founding of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria, the Roll Back Malaria Project, Global Fund for HIV, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund), the Medicines for Malaria Venture, and the Malaria Vaccine Initiative, among other groups. Historically, the most striking feature of malaria control and elimination activities was the connectedness and balance between malaria research and control especially, from 1892 to 1949. A combination of scientific originality, perseverance in research, integrated approaches, and social concern were the keys for success. The elimination of Anopheles gambiae from Upper Egypt in 1942 using integrated vector control methods is a prime example of malaria control during the first half of the 20th century where those factors were brought together. After 1949, there were three decades of great optimism. Four notable landmarks characterized this period: the Kampala Conference in 1950; the Global Malaria Eradication Program beginning in 1955; the primary health care strategies adopted by most African States after attaining their political independence in the 1960s, and accelerating in the 1980s; and creation of the Special Program in Training and Research in Tropical Diseases at the World Health Organization in 1975. The initial highly encouraging operational results, largely obtained in temperate or subtropical areas where transmission was unstable, engendered undue expectations for the success of identical antimalarial measures elsewhere. Many were convinced that the eradication was in sight, such that support for malaria research virtually ceased. Young, bright scientists were discouraged from seeking a career in a discipline that appeared to soon become superfluous. It took more than three decades to modify antimalarial strategies and to rehabilitate long-term control as an intermediate objective. In Africa, although multilateral malaria programs have grown over the past half century and proved the most successful, fragmentation of co-ordination remains and is a major challenge. The proliferation of malaria programs in the late 1990s has brought substantial additional funds and expertise. However, excessive funding competition and failure of different programs to collaborate has resulted in poor communication and duplication of activities. The capacities of the African nations to conduct high-quality research and to coordinate control efforts are in great jeopardy. There is an urgent need for a non-partisan umbrella organ to coordinate and facilitate the network of alliances and programs in malaria research and control in Africa.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
United Nations, 2001. Road Map Towards the Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, Report of the Secretary-General. New York.
-
2
Oxford University Press, 1982. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Seventh Edition. London.
-
3
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development Assistance Committee, 2003. Development Cooperation, and International Development Statistics on CD-ROM. Paris.
-
4
Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I, eds, 1988. Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology. London: Churchill Livingston.
-
5
Bruce-Chwatt L, 1987. Malaria and its control: present situation and future prospects. Annu Rev Public Health 8 :75–110.
-
6
Roll Back Malaria, 2002. Achieving Impact: Roll Back Malaria in the Next Phase: Report of the External Evaluation Report of Roll Back Malaria. Geneva.
-
7
World Health Organization, 1988. Antimalarial activities: the last 40 years. Antimalarial action program. World Health Stat Q 41 :64–73.
-
8
Sachs JD, 2002. A new global effort to control malaria. Science 298 :122–124.
-
9
Davies CS, 1999. The Multilateral Initiative on Malaria: coordination and co-operation in international malaria research. Parassitologia 41 :497–500.
-
10
Narasimhan V, Attaran A, 2003. Roll Back Malaria? The scarcity of international aid for malaria control. Malar J 15 :8.
-
11
Tan DH, Upshur RE, Ford N, 2003. Global plagues and the Global Fund: challenges in the fight against HIV, TB and malaria. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 1 :2.
-
12
Wheeler C, Berkley S, 2001. Initial lessons from public-private partnerships in drug and vaccine development. Bull World Health Organ 79 :728–734.
-
13
Rabinovich NR, 2002. Are we there yet? The road to a malaria vaccine. West J Med 176 :82–84.
-
14
Kidson C, 1992. Global malaria challenge: the Amsterdam summit. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 23 :635–640.
-
15
Teklehaimanot A, Bosman A, 1999. Opportunities, problems and perspectives for malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa. Parassitologia 41 :335–338.
-
16
Anonymous, 1998. Worldwide battle against malaria. Afr Health 20 :34.
-
17
Yamey G, 2000. African heads of state promise action against malaria. BMJ 320 :1228.
-
18
Buse K, Walt G, 2000. Global public-private partnerships. Part I. A new development in health? Bull World Health Organ 78 :549–561.
-
19
Buse K, Walt G, 2000. Global public-private partnerships. Part II. What are the health issues for global governance? Bull World Health Organ 78 :699–709.
-
20
Perkin G, Foege W, 2000. A conversation with the leaders of the Gates Foundation’s Global Health Program: Gordon. Lancet 356 :153–155.
-
21
Morel CM, 2002. Reaching maturity—25 years of the TDR. Parasitol Today 16 :522–528.
-
22
Kickbusch I, 2000. The development of international health policies—accountability intact? Soc Sci Med 51 :979–989.
-
23
Beattie P, Renshaw M, Davies C, 1999. Strengthening Health Research in the Developing World: Malaria Research Capacity in Africa. London: Wellcome Trust.
-
24
WHO, 2000. WHO Expert Committee on Malaria. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 892.
-
25
Frankish H, 2003. Money being wasted in fight against malaria, says MSF. Lancet 361 :1530.
-
26
Sina BJ, Aultman K, 2001. Resisting resistance. Trends Parasitol 17 :305–306.
-
27
Gilles HM, Lucas AO, 1998. Tropical medicine: 100 years of progress. Br Med Bull 54 :269–280.
-
28
Bradley DJ, 1999. The Last and the next hundred years of malariology. Parassitologia 41 :11–18.
-
29
Rajakumar K, Weisse M, 1999.Centennial year of Romald Ross’ epic discovery of malaria transmission: an essay and tribute. South Med J 92 :567–571.
-
30
Fantini B, 1998. Antimalarial strategies in Italy, 1880–1930. Parassitologia 40 :91–101.
-
31
Bockarie MJ, Gbakima AA, Barnish G, 1999. It all began with Ronald Ross: 100 years of malaria research and control in Sierra Leone (1899–1999). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :213–224.
-
32
Reference Division, Central Office of Information London R.1772, September 1949. An Account of the Discoveries of the Pioneers in Anti-Malaria Work; Recent Advances in the Use of Drugs and Insecticides and Some of the Methods Now Employed to Combat Malaria in the Colonial Territories. London.
-
33
Dobson MJ, Malowany M, Snow RW, 2000. Malaria control in East Africa: the Kampala Conference and the Pare-Taveta Scheme: a meeting of common and high ground. Parassitologia 42 :149–166.
-
34
Soper F, 1959. Memorandum on Trip to Africa and Genever, October 31 to December 10, 1959. Chevy Chase, MD.
-
35
Collier P, 1999. On the Economic Consequences of Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers 51 :168–183.
-
36
WHO, 1959. Malaria Eradication Technical Committee Meeting, November 3–6, 1959. Brazzaville: Congo.
-
37
Breman J, Campbell C, 1988. Combating severe malaria in African children. Bull World Health Organ 66 :611–620.
-
38
Henderson D, 1999. Eradication: lessons from the past. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 :16–22.
-
39
Jeffrey G, 1976. Malaria control in the twentieth century. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :361–371.
-
40
Farid MA, 1981. The malaria program—from euphoria to anarchy. World Health Forum 1 :8–33.
-
41
Pampana EJ, 1963. A Textbook of Malaria Eradication. London, Oxford University Press.
-
42
McGinn AP, 2003. Combating Malaria. State of the World. World Watch Institute. New York: W.W. Norton & Company
-
43
Molineaux L, Storey J, Cohen JE, Thomas A, 1980. A longitudinal study of human malaria in the West African Savanna in the absence of control measures: relationships between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae.Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 :725–737.
-
44
Payne D, Grab B, Fontaine RE, Hempel JH, 1976. Impact of control measures on malaria transmission and general mortality. Bull World Health Organ 54 :369–377.
-
45
Kager P, 2002. Malaria control: constraints and opportunities. Trop Med Int Health. 7 :1042–1046.
-
46
United Nations, 1994. Inter-Agency Standing Committee of United Nations (IASC). Geneva.
-
47
Anonymous, 2003. A single agenda needed for malaria (editorial). Lancet Infect Dis 3 :317.
-
48
Siegel ER, Royall J, Bennett M, 2001. Enhancing communications and connectivity in Africa: the multilateral initiative on malaria (MIM) model. Medinfo 10 :48–52.
-
49
Sina B, 2000. The multilateral initiative on malaria: an action plan. Parasitol Today 16 :139–140.
-
50
Sina B, 2002. Focus on Plasmodium vivax.Trends Parasitol 18 :287–289.
-
51
Nchinda T, 1998. Malaria: a reemerging disease in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :398–403.
-
52
Secretariat MIM, 2002. Review of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria. Bethesda, MD: Fogarty International Center, U.S. National Institutes of Health.
-
53
WHO/CDS/RBM, 2000. The Africa Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja. The Conference Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
54
Alnwick D, 2001. Meeting the Malaria Challenge. Africa Health (Suppl):18–19.
-
55
Balter M, 2000. Can WHO Roll Back Malaria? Science 290 :430.
-
56
Nabarro DN, Tayler EM, 1998. The “Roll Back Malaria” Campaign. Science 280 :2067–2068.
-
57
Ridley R, 2002. Introduction. Antimalarial drug resistance: ramifications, explanations and challenges. Microbes Infect 4 :155–156.
-
58
Ridley R, 2002. Medical need, scientific opportunity and the drive for antimalarial drugs. Nature 415 :686–693.
-
59
Ridley R, 1999. Planting the seeds of new antimalarial drugs. Science 3 :1502–1503.
-
60
Moerman F, Lengeler C, Chimumbwa J, Talisuna A, Erhart A, Coosemans M, D’Alessandro U, 2003. The contribution of health-care services to a sound and sustainable malaria-control policy. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :99–102.
-
61
France T, Ooms G, Rivers B. (2002) The GFATM (Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria): which countries owe, and how much? IAPAC Mon 8 :138 and 141.
-
62
Lambert ML, van der Stuyft P, 2002. Editorial: Global Health Fund or Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria? Trop Med Int Health 7 :557–558.
-
63
Killeen G, Fillinger U, Kiche I, Gouagna L, Knols B, 2002. Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control in Africa? Lancet Infect Dis 2 :618–627.
-
64
Breman J, LeDuc J, 2001. International partnerships in infectious diseases research, training, and control. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (Suppl):542.
-
65
Walt G, Buse K, 2000. Partnership and fragmentation in international health: threat or opportunity? Trop Med Int Health. 5 :467–471.
-
66
Walt G, Pavignani E, Gilson L, Buse K, 1999. Managing external resources in the health sector: are there lessons for SWAps (sector-wide approaches)? Health Policy Plann 14 :273–284.
-
67
Walt G, Pavignani E, Gilson L, Buse K, 1999. Health sector development: from aid coordination to resource management. Health Policy Plann 14 :207–218.
-
68
Buse K, Walt G, 2000. Role conflict? The World Bank and the world’s health. Soc Sci Med. 50 :177–179.
-
69
Buse K, Walt G, Vaughan JP, 1997. More dollars, more sense? Lancet 350 :1494.
-
70
Buse K, Walt G, 1997. An unruly melange? Coordinating external resources to the health sector: a review. Soc Sci Med 45 :449–463.
-
71
Buse K, Walt G, 1996. Aid coordination for health sector reform: a conceptual framework for analysis and assessment. Health Policy 38 :173–187.
-
72
Utzinger J, Tozan Y, Doumani F, Singer BH, 2002. The economic payoffs of integrated malaria control in the Zambian Copper-belt between 1930 and 1950. Trop Med Int Health 7 :657–677.
-
73
Gish O, 1992. Malaria eradication and the selective approach to health care: some lessons from Ethiopia. Int J Health Serv 22 :179–192.
-
74
Kilama W, 2003. The Newsletter of African Malaria Network Trust No.13 June. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 520 | 469 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 363 | 5 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 132 | 6 | 1 |