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-
1
Perrillo RP, Gelb L, Campbell C, Wellinghoff W, Ellis FR, Overby L, Aach RD, 1979. Hepatitis B e antigen, DNA polymerase activity and infection of household contacts with hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 76 :1319–1325.
-
2
Heathcote J, Gateau P, Sherlock S, 1974. Role of hepatitis B antigen carriers in nonparenteral transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 2 :370–371.
-
3
Papaevangelou G, Trichopoulos D, Kremastinou T, Papoutsakis G, 1974. Prevalence of hepatitis B antigen and antibody in prostitutes. BMJ 2 :256–258.
-
4
Szmuness W, Much I, Prince AM, Hoofnagle JH, Cherubin CE, Harley EJ, Block GH, 1975. On the role of sexual behavior in the spread of hepatitis B infection. Ann Intern Med 83 :489–495.
-
5
Dietzman DE, Harmisch JP, Ray CG, Alexander ER, Holmes KK, 1977. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg: prevalence in homosexual and heterosexual men. JAMA 238 :2625–2626.
-
6
Wright RA, 1975. Hepatitis B and HBsAg carrier: an outbreak related to sexual contact. JAMA 232 :717–721.
-
7
Kawai H, Feinstone SM, 2000. Acute viral hepatitis. Mandell GH, Bennett JE, Bolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 1279–1297.
-
8
Okada K, Kamiyama I, Inomata M, Imai M, Myakawa Y, 1976. e antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus in their infants. N Eng J Med 294 :746–749.
-
9
Stevens CE, Beasly RP, Tsui J, Lee WCL, 1975. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 292 :771–774.
-
10
Alter MJ, Gerety RJ, Smallwood LH, Sampliner RE, Tabor E, Deinhardt F, Frosner G, Matanosky GM, 1982. Sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis: frequency and epidemiology in an urban United States population. J Infect Dis 145 :886–893.
-
11
Alter MJ, Coleman PJ, Alexander WJ, Kramer E, Miller JK, Mandel E, 1989. Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA 262 :1201–1205.
-
12
Thomas DL, Zenilman JM, Alter HJ, Shih JW, Galai N, Carella AV, Quinn TC, 1995. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics in Baltimore - an analysis of 309 sex partnerships. J Infect Dis 171 :768–775.
-
13
Alter MJ, 1997. Epidemiology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 26 (Supp 1):62S–65S.
-
14
Osmond DH, Charbelois E, Sheppard HW, Page K, Winkelstein W, Moss AR, Reingold AR, 1993. Comparison of risk factors for hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men. J Infect Dis 167 :66–71.
-
15
Wejstal R, Widell A, Manson AS, Hermodsson S, Norkrans G, 1992. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 117 :887–890.
-
16
Thomas DL, Villano SA, Reister KA, Hershow R, Mofenson LM, Landesman SH, Hollinger FB, Davenny K, Riley R, Diaz C, Tang HB, Quinn TC, 1998. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mothers: women and infants transmission study. J Infect Dis 177 :1480–1488.
-
17
World Health Organization, UNAIDS, 2002. Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2002 Update. (URL http://www.whobarcelona.info/AIDS2002/CountriesStatistics.htm, last accessed on September 6, 2002).
-
18
Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Guzman R, Katz M, 2001. HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention. Am J Public Health 91 :915–921.
-
19
Lemon SM, Alter MJ, 1999. Viral hepatitis. Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh PA, Lemon SM, Stamm WE, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill, 361–384.
-
20
Szmuness W, 1979. Large-scale efficacy trials of hepatitis B vaccines in the USA: baseline data and protocols. J Med Virol 4 :327–340.
-
21
Ministry of Health, Uruguay, 1998. La Transfusión de Sangre en el Uruguay, Informe 1998. Montevideo, Uruguay : Servicio Nacional de Sangre, MSP-ASSE.
-
22
Petruff Cheney C, Chopra S, Graham C, 2000. Hepatitis C. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14 :633–667.
-
23
Gadola L, Verdaguer C, Gomez T, Curells R, Mescia G, Caorsi H, Varela A, Russi J, 1995. Factores de riesgo de adquirir hepatitis C en centros de hemodiálisis. Rev Med Uruguay 11 :46–52.
-
24
Taylor P, Stevens CE, de Córdoba SR, Rubinstein P, 1988. Hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus: possible interactions. Zuckerman AJ, ed. Viral Hepatitis and Liver Diseases. New York: Alan R. Liss, 198–200.
-
25
Mahoney FJ, 1999. Update on diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 :351–366.
-
26
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :1–39.
-
27
Anonymous, 1996. Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C. Report of a WHO consultation organized in collaboration with the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, Belgium. J Viral Hepat 6 :35–47.
-
28
Gras MJ, van der Helm T, Schenk R, van Doornum GJ, Coutinho RA, van den Hock JA, 1997. HIV infection and risk behaviour among prostitutes in the Amsterdam streetwalkers’ district: indications of raised prevalence of HIV among transvestites/ transsexuals. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 141 :1238–1241.
-
29
Gattari P, Spizzichino L, Valenzi C, Zaccarelli M, Rezza G, 1992. Behavioural patterns and HIV infection among drug-using transvestites practicing prostitution in Rome. AIDS Care 4 :83–87.
-
30
Baqi S, Shah SA, Baig MA, Mujeeb SA, Memon A, 1999. Sero-prevalence of HIV, HBV, and syphilis and associated risk behaviours in male transvestites (Hijras) in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J STD AIDS 10 :300–304.
-
31
Tsakris A, Kyriakis KP, Chrsyssou S, Papoutsakis G, 1997. Infection by hepatitis B and C viruses in female and transsexual Greek prostitutes with serological evidence of active syphilis. Int J STD AIDS 8 :697–699.
-
32
Ellison KW, Boles J, Posey E, Sweat M, Darrow W, Elsea W, 1993. Male transvestite prostitutes and HIV risk. Am J Public Health 83 :260–262.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 390 | 318 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 378 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 60 | 4 | 0 |
SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS, HEPATITIS C VIRUS, AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 INFECTIONS AMONG MALE TRANSVESTITE COMERCIAL SEX WORKERS IN MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY
JOSE C. RUSSI
JOSE C. RUSSI
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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MARGARITA SERRA
MARGARITA SERRA
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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JOSE VIÑOLES
JOSE VIÑOLES
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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M. T. PÉREZ
M. T. PÉREZ
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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D. RUCHANSKY
D. RUCHANSKY
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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G. ALONSO
G. ALONSO
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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JOSE L. SANCHEZ
JOSE L. SANCHEZ
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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KEVIN L. RUSSELL
KEVIN L. RUSSELL
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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SILVIA M. MONTANO
SILVIA M. MONTANO
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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MONICA NEGRETE
MONICA NEGRETE
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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MERCEDES WEISSENBACHER
MERCEDES WEISSENBACHER
Department of Laboratories, and AIDS/HIV National Program, Ministry of Heath, Montevideo, Uruguay; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; AIDS National Reference Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Prostitution may constitute a risk behavior for infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We conducted a seroepidemiologic study among 200 male transvestite commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1999. Evidence of exposure to HBV, HCV, and HIV was found in 101 (50.5%), 13 (6.5%), and 43 (21.5%) individuals, respectively. Positivity for HIV was correlated with both HBV (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–4.67) and HCV (OR = 3.47, 95% CI = 0.90–12.79) infection. Predictors of infection were older age (≥ 26 years; P < 0.01) for all 3 viruses and time in CSW (≥5 years; P < 0.05) for HBV and HIV. Prior history of use of drugs (OR = 3.54, 95% CI = 1.09–11.52) and sexual contact with foreigners (OR = 9.2, 95% CI = 1.16–73.12) were found to be associated only with HCV infection. Sexual transmission of these viruses constitutes a significant problem among male transvestite CSWs.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Perrillo RP, Gelb L, Campbell C, Wellinghoff W, Ellis FR, Overby L, Aach RD, 1979. Hepatitis B e antigen, DNA polymerase activity and infection of household contacts with hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 76 :1319–1325.
-
2
Heathcote J, Gateau P, Sherlock S, 1974. Role of hepatitis B antigen carriers in nonparenteral transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 2 :370–371.
-
3
Papaevangelou G, Trichopoulos D, Kremastinou T, Papoutsakis G, 1974. Prevalence of hepatitis B antigen and antibody in prostitutes. BMJ 2 :256–258.
-
4
Szmuness W, Much I, Prince AM, Hoofnagle JH, Cherubin CE, Harley EJ, Block GH, 1975. On the role of sexual behavior in the spread of hepatitis B infection. Ann Intern Med 83 :489–495.
-
5
Dietzman DE, Harmisch JP, Ray CG, Alexander ER, Holmes KK, 1977. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg: prevalence in homosexual and heterosexual men. JAMA 238 :2625–2626.
-
6
Wright RA, 1975. Hepatitis B and HBsAg carrier: an outbreak related to sexual contact. JAMA 232 :717–721.
-
7
Kawai H, Feinstone SM, 2000. Acute viral hepatitis. Mandell GH, Bennett JE, Bolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 1279–1297.
-
8
Okada K, Kamiyama I, Inomata M, Imai M, Myakawa Y, 1976. e antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus in their infants. N Eng J Med 294 :746–749.
-
9
Stevens CE, Beasly RP, Tsui J, Lee WCL, 1975. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 292 :771–774.
-
10
Alter MJ, Gerety RJ, Smallwood LH, Sampliner RE, Tabor E, Deinhardt F, Frosner G, Matanosky GM, 1982. Sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis: frequency and epidemiology in an urban United States population. J Infect Dis 145 :886–893.
-
11
Alter MJ, Coleman PJ, Alexander WJ, Kramer E, Miller JK, Mandel E, 1989. Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA 262 :1201–1205.
-
12
Thomas DL, Zenilman JM, Alter HJ, Shih JW, Galai N, Carella AV, Quinn TC, 1995. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics in Baltimore - an analysis of 309 sex partnerships. J Infect Dis 171 :768–775.
-
13
Alter MJ, 1997. Epidemiology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 26 (Supp 1):62S–65S.
-
14
Osmond DH, Charbelois E, Sheppard HW, Page K, Winkelstein W, Moss AR, Reingold AR, 1993. Comparison of risk factors for hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men. J Infect Dis 167 :66–71.
-
15
Wejstal R, Widell A, Manson AS, Hermodsson S, Norkrans G, 1992. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 117 :887–890.
-
16
Thomas DL, Villano SA, Reister KA, Hershow R, Mofenson LM, Landesman SH, Hollinger FB, Davenny K, Riley R, Diaz C, Tang HB, Quinn TC, 1998. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mothers: women and infants transmission study. J Infect Dis 177 :1480–1488.
-
17
World Health Organization, UNAIDS, 2002. Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2002 Update. (URL http://www.whobarcelona.info/AIDS2002/CountriesStatistics.htm, last accessed on September 6, 2002).
-
18
Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Guzman R, Katz M, 2001. HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention. Am J Public Health 91 :915–921.
-
19
Lemon SM, Alter MJ, 1999. Viral hepatitis. Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh PA, Lemon SM, Stamm WE, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill, 361–384.
-
20
Szmuness W, 1979. Large-scale efficacy trials of hepatitis B vaccines in the USA: baseline data and protocols. J Med Virol 4 :327–340.
-
21
Ministry of Health, Uruguay, 1998. La Transfusión de Sangre en el Uruguay, Informe 1998. Montevideo, Uruguay : Servicio Nacional de Sangre, MSP-ASSE.
-
22
Petruff Cheney C, Chopra S, Graham C, 2000. Hepatitis C. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14 :633–667.
-
23
Gadola L, Verdaguer C, Gomez T, Curells R, Mescia G, Caorsi H, Varela A, Russi J, 1995. Factores de riesgo de adquirir hepatitis C en centros de hemodiálisis. Rev Med Uruguay 11 :46–52.
-
24
Taylor P, Stevens CE, de Córdoba SR, Rubinstein P, 1988. Hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus: possible interactions. Zuckerman AJ, ed. Viral Hepatitis and Liver Diseases. New York: Alan R. Liss, 198–200.
-
25
Mahoney FJ, 1999. Update on diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 :351–366.
-
26
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :1–39.
-
27
Anonymous, 1996. Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C. Report of a WHO consultation organized in collaboration with the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, Belgium. J Viral Hepat 6 :35–47.
-
28
Gras MJ, van der Helm T, Schenk R, van Doornum GJ, Coutinho RA, van den Hock JA, 1997. HIV infection and risk behaviour among prostitutes in the Amsterdam streetwalkers’ district: indications of raised prevalence of HIV among transvestites/ transsexuals. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 141 :1238–1241.
-
29
Gattari P, Spizzichino L, Valenzi C, Zaccarelli M, Rezza G, 1992. Behavioural patterns and HIV infection among drug-using transvestites practicing prostitution in Rome. AIDS Care 4 :83–87.
-
30
Baqi S, Shah SA, Baig MA, Mujeeb SA, Memon A, 1999. Sero-prevalence of HIV, HBV, and syphilis and associated risk behaviours in male transvestites (Hijras) in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J STD AIDS 10 :300–304.
-
31
Tsakris A, Kyriakis KP, Chrsyssou S, Papoutsakis G, 1997. Infection by hepatitis B and C viruses in female and transsexual Greek prostitutes with serological evidence of active syphilis. Int J STD AIDS 8 :697–699.
-
32
Ellison KW, Boles J, Posey E, Sweat M, Darrow W, Elsea W, 1993. Male transvestite prostitutes and HIV risk. Am J Public Health 83 :260–262.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 390 | 318 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 378 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 60 | 4 | 0 |