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-
1
Sallon S, Deckelbaum RJ, Schmid I, Harlap S, Baras M, Spira DT, 1988. Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am J Dis Child 142 :312–315.
-
2
Lima AA, Moore SR, Barboza MS Jr, Soares AM, Schleupner MA, Newman RD, Sears CL, Nataro JP, Fedorko DP, Wuhib T, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 2000. Persistent diarrhea signals a critical period of increased diarrhea burdens and nutritional shortfalls: a prospective cohort study among children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 181 :1643–1651.
-
3
Sears CL, Guerrant RL, 1994. Cryptosporiodiosis: the complexity of intestinal pathophysiology. Gastroenterology 106 :252–254.
-
4
DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W, 1995. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 332 :855–859.
-
5
Newman RD, Sears CL, Moore SR, Nataro JP, Wuhib T, Agnew DA, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM, 1999. Longitudinal study of Cryptosporidium infection in children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 180 :167–175.
-
6
Fang G, Lima AAM, Martins CC, Nataro JP, Guerrant RL, 1995. Etiology and epidemiology of persistent diarrhea in northeastern Brazil: a hospital-based prospective case control study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 21 :137–144.
-
7
Schorling JB, Wanke CA, Schorling SK, McAuliffe JF, de Souza MA, Guerrant RL, 1990. A prospective study of persistent diarrhea among children in an urban Brazilian slum. Am J Epidemiol 132 :144–156.
-
8
Guerrant RL, Araujo V, Soares E, Kotloff K, Lima AA, Cooper WH, Lee AG, 1992. Measurement of fecal lactoferrin as a marker of fecal leukocytes (see comments). J Clin Microbiol 30 :1238–1242.
-
9
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz JF, Cabrera L, Black RE, Sterling CR, 1997. Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 145 :156–163.
-
10
Ciancio MJ, Chang EB, 1992. Epithelial secretory response to inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci 664 :210–221.
-
11
Elias JA, Gustilo K, Baeder W, Freundlich B, 1900. Synergistic stimulation of fibroblast prostaglandin production by recombinant interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 138 :3812–3816.
-
12
Robinson P, Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Lewis DE, Shahab I, Janecki A, White AC Jr, 2001. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta in jejuna of volunteers after experimental challenge with Cryptosporidium parvum correlates with exposure but not with symptoms. Infect Immun 69 :1172–1174.
-
13
Argenzio RA, Lecce J, Powell DW, 1993. Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis. Gastroenterology 104 :440–447.
-
14
Seydel KB, Zhang T, Champion GA, Fichtenbaum C, Swanson PE, Tzipori S, Griffiths JK, Stanley SL Jr, 1998. Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal xenografts in SCID mice induces production of human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-8. Infect Immun 66 :2379–2382.
-
15
Laurent F, Eckmann L, Savidge TC, Morgan G, Theodos C, Naciri M, Kagnoff MF, 1997. Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal epithelial cells induces the polarized secretion of C-X-C chemokines. Infect Immun 65 :5067–5073.
-
16
Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA, 2001. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 183 :492–497.
-
17
MacFarlane DE, Horner-Bryce J, 1987. Cryptosporidiosis in wellnourished and malnourished children. Acta Paediatr Scand 76 :474–477.
-
18
Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 1999. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :707–713.
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INTERLEUKIN-8, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α, AND LACTOFERRIN IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT HOSTS WITH EXPERIMENTAL AND BRAZILIAN CHILDREN WITH ACQUIRED CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS
CIRLE S. ALCANTARA
CIRLE S. ALCANTARA
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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CHANG-HUN YANG
CHANG-HUN YANG
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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THEODORE S. STEINER
THEODORE S. STEINER
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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LEAH J. BARRETT
LEAH J. BARRETT
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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ALDO A. M. LIMA
ALDO A. M. LIMA
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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CYNTHIA L. CHAPPELL
CYNTHIA L. CHAPPELL
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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PABLO C. OKHUYSEN
PABLO C. OKHUYSEN
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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A. CLINTON WHITE JR.
A. CLINTON WHITE JR.
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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RICHARD L. GUERRANT
RICHARD L. GUERRANT
Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of DongGuk College of Medicine, Kyungju; Korea; Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, Texas; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School; Houston, Texas; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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To examine the importance of intestinal inflammation in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of human cryptosporidiosis, stools of healthy adult volunteers before and after experimental infection were tested for fecal lactoferrin, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Stool samples of Brazilian children with well-defined Cryptosporidium infection, with or without diarrhea, were also tested for IL-8 and TNF-α. Only one of the 14 volunteers challenged with Cryptosporidium had increased fecal lactoferrin. However, of 17 stool specimens from children with only Cryptosporidium infection from a previous study, 12 had mild to moderately elevated lactoferrin despite negative work-up for inflammatory enteritides. One of 10 adult volunteers who developed diarrhea with experimental cryptosporidiosis and three of 11 children with cryptosporidiosis and diarrhea had detectable fecal IL-8. The level of TNF-α was increased only in one of 14 volunteers and in none of the children. Although considered relatively non-inflammatory, cryptosporidiosis is often associated with mild inflammation, especially in children in an endemic area.
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-
1
Sallon S, Deckelbaum RJ, Schmid I, Harlap S, Baras M, Spira DT, 1988. Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am J Dis Child 142 :312–315.
-
2
Lima AA, Moore SR, Barboza MS Jr, Soares AM, Schleupner MA, Newman RD, Sears CL, Nataro JP, Fedorko DP, Wuhib T, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 2000. Persistent diarrhea signals a critical period of increased diarrhea burdens and nutritional shortfalls: a prospective cohort study among children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 181 :1643–1651.
-
3
Sears CL, Guerrant RL, 1994. Cryptosporiodiosis: the complexity of intestinal pathophysiology. Gastroenterology 106 :252–254.
-
4
DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W, 1995. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 332 :855–859.
-
5
Newman RD, Sears CL, Moore SR, Nataro JP, Wuhib T, Agnew DA, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM, 1999. Longitudinal study of Cryptosporidium infection in children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 180 :167–175.
-
6
Fang G, Lima AAM, Martins CC, Nataro JP, Guerrant RL, 1995. Etiology and epidemiology of persistent diarrhea in northeastern Brazil: a hospital-based prospective case control study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 21 :137–144.
-
7
Schorling JB, Wanke CA, Schorling SK, McAuliffe JF, de Souza MA, Guerrant RL, 1990. A prospective study of persistent diarrhea among children in an urban Brazilian slum. Am J Epidemiol 132 :144–156.
-
8
Guerrant RL, Araujo V, Soares E, Kotloff K, Lima AA, Cooper WH, Lee AG, 1992. Measurement of fecal lactoferrin as a marker of fecal leukocytes (see comments). J Clin Microbiol 30 :1238–1242.
-
9
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz JF, Cabrera L, Black RE, Sterling CR, 1997. Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 145 :156–163.
-
10
Ciancio MJ, Chang EB, 1992. Epithelial secretory response to inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci 664 :210–221.
-
11
Elias JA, Gustilo K, Baeder W, Freundlich B, 1900. Synergistic stimulation of fibroblast prostaglandin production by recombinant interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 138 :3812–3816.
-
12
Robinson P, Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Lewis DE, Shahab I, Janecki A, White AC Jr, 2001. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta in jejuna of volunteers after experimental challenge with Cryptosporidium parvum correlates with exposure but not with symptoms. Infect Immun 69 :1172–1174.
-
13
Argenzio RA, Lecce J, Powell DW, 1993. Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis. Gastroenterology 104 :440–447.
-
14
Seydel KB, Zhang T, Champion GA, Fichtenbaum C, Swanson PE, Tzipori S, Griffiths JK, Stanley SL Jr, 1998. Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal xenografts in SCID mice induces production of human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-8. Infect Immun 66 :2379–2382.
-
15
Laurent F, Eckmann L, Savidge TC, Morgan G, Theodos C, Naciri M, Kagnoff MF, 1997. Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal epithelial cells induces the polarized secretion of C-X-C chemokines. Infect Immun 65 :5067–5073.
-
16
Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA, 2001. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 183 :492–497.
-
17
MacFarlane DE, Horner-Bryce J, 1987. Cryptosporidiosis in wellnourished and malnourished children. Acta Paediatr Scand 76 :474–477.
-
18
Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 1999. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :707–713.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 330 | 309 | 23 |
| Full Text Views | 568 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 53 | 3 | 0 |