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Potential Vectors of Malaria and their Different Susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Northern Brazil Identified by Immunoassay
Mercia de Arruda
Mercia de Arruda
Department of Entomology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Marcia B. Carvalho
Marcia B. Carvalho
Seroepidemiology and Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Brazil
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Ruth S. Nussenzweig
Ruth S. Nussenzweig
Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010
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Marilyn Maracic
Marilyn Maracic
Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010
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A. Walter Ferreira
A. Walter Ferreira
Seroepidemiology and Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Brazil
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Alan H. Cochrane
Alan H. Cochrane
Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010
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During the period from May 1983 to July 1985 we conducted an epidemiological study to determine potential vectors of malaria in 6 districts in the state of Pará in northern Brazil. The examination of random human blood smears, prepared at the time of mosquito capture, indicated overall human infection rates of 16.7% and 10.9% for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, respectively. Two immunoassays, the immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on the use of species-specific antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies, were used to analyze a total of 9,040 field-collected Anopheles mosquitoes for plasmodial infection. P. falciparum sporozoite antigen was detected in A. darlingi at rates varying from 2.7% to 4.2%, and in small numbers of A. oswaldoi collected in 1 of the districts. In contrast, sporozoite antigen of P. vivax was found in A. darlingi, A. triannulatus, A. nuneztovari, and A. albitarsis at rates ranging from 0.9% to 12.0%. By dissection, sporozoites were found in the salivary glands of these same 4 species at rates ranging from 0.8% to 2.2%. The latter 3 species had not previously been implicated as malaria vectors of any significance in northern Brazil.
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