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Roaming Dogs, Intense Brown Dog Tick Infestation, and Emerging Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Tijuana, México
Janet Foley
Janet Foley
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
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Andrés M. López-Pérez
Andrés M. López-Pérez
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, México;
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Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, México;
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Francesca Rubino
Francesca Rubino
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
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Laura Backus
Laura Backus
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
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Cusi Ferradas
Cusi Ferradas
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
Emerge, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Emergentes y Cambio Climático, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú;
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Emerge, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Emergentes y Cambio Climático, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú;
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Julio Barrón-Rodriguez
Julio Barrón-Rodriguez
Departamento de Ecología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México;
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Hugo Mendoza
Hugo Mendoza
Departamento de Ecología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México;
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Rodolfo Arroyo-Machado
Rodolfo Arroyo-Machado
Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México
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Leslie C. Inustroza-Sánchez
Leslie C. Inustroza-Sánchez
Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México
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Oscar E. Zazueta
Oscar E. Zazueta
Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México
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ABSTRACT.
A two decades–long epidemic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in northern México reached the U.S. border city of Tijuana in 2021. Cases were near the city periphery in marginalized areas, some lacking infrastructure such as streets or utilities. We worked in the three census areas where human cases were reported and in 12 additional control Áreas Geoestadisticas Básicas. There were dogs, the primary tick host and Rickettsia rickettsii reservoir, in 76% of homes, with 2.2 owned dogs per home on average, approximately equal numbers of roaming dogs were seen, and 46.2% of owned dogs were allowed to roam in the street. Sixty-eight percent of people had heard of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), and 35% self-reported tick infestation, including 19% of homes without dogs. Ticks appeared to move among houses of adjacent neighbors. Of 191 examined dogs, 61.8% were tick-infested, with 6-fold increased odds if they were allowed to roam. Although no dogs were Rickettsia polymerase chain reaction–positive, we found one R. rickettsii– and 11 Rickettsia massiliae–infected ticks. The rickettsial IgG seroprevalence by immunofluorescence antibody assay was 76.4%, associated with unhealthy body condition, adults, dogs with >10 ticks, more dogs being seen in the area, and dogs being permitted in the street. Insufficient medical and canine management resources have contributed to a case fatality rate of RMSF that has exceeded 50% in areas. High canine seroprevalence suggests risks to people and dogs; unfortunately, herd immunity is impeded by high turnover in the canine population owing to the birth of puppies and high death rates. Binational One Health workers should monitor disease spread, enact canine population management and tick eradication, and provide prevention, diagnostic, and treatment support.
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Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the
Authors’ addresses: Janet Foley, Francesca Rubino, and Laura Backus, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, E-mails: jefoley@ucdavis.edu, firubino@ucdavis.edu, and lhbackus@ucdavis.edu. Andrés M. López-Pérez, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, and Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, México, E-mail: amlope@ucdavis.edu. Cusi Ferradas, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, and Emerge, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Emergentes y Cambio Climático, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, E-mail: cferradas@ucdavis.edu. Julio Barrón-Rodriguez and Hugo Mendoza, Departamento de Ecología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México, E-mails: jjbarronr@ucdavis.edu and hugomegu@gmail.com. Rodolfo Arroyo-Machado, Inustroza-Sánchez, and Oscar E. Zazueta, Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México, E-mails: rodolfo.arroyo@uabc.edu.mx, lesliecarolina55@gmail.com, and oez512@mail.harvard.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
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15.
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-
16.
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-
17.
Yoder J , Benoit J , Rellinger E , Tank J , 2006. Developmental profiles in tick water balance with a focus on the new Rocky Mountain spotted fever vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Med Vet Entomol 20: 365–372.
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