ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Warrell DA , Ormerod LD , 1976. Snake venom ophthalmia and blindness caused by the spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 525–529.
-
2.
Grüntzig J , 1984. Spitting cobra ophthalmia (Naja nigricollis). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 185: 527–530.
-
3.
Wüster W , 1996. Taxonomic changes and toxinology: systematic revisions of the Asiatic cobras (Naja naja species complex). Toxicon 34: 399–406.
-
4.
Fung HT , Lam KK , Wong OF , Lam TS , 2010. Local antivenom treatment for ophthalmic injuries caused by a Naja atra. J Med Toxicol 6: 147–149.
-
5.
Tsai TH , Lin CC , Mao YC , Hung CL , Yang YC , Yang CC , Jeng MJ , 2020. Naja atra venom-spit ophthalmia in Taiwan: an epidemiological survey from 1990 to 2016. J Chin Med Assoc 83: 77–83.
-
6.
Zeng L , Liang Q , Liang Z , Han J , Wu M , Liu R , Wang X , 2022. Effectiveness of clotting factor replacement therapy after antivenom treatment on coagulopathic envenomation following green pit viper bites: a retrospective observational study. BMC Emerg Med 22: 9.
-
7.
Shi SC , Vogel G , Ding L , Rao DQ , Liu S , Zhang L , Wu ZJ , Chen ZN , 2022. Description of a new cobra (Naja Laurenti, 1768; Squamata, Elapidae) from China with designation of a neotype for Naja atra. Animals (Basel) 12: 3481.
-
8.
Wang NP et al., 1993. An epidemiological study on the snakebites in Guangxi Province, China in 1990. J Snake 5: 10–17.
-
9.
Polláková M , Petrilla V , Andrejčáková Z , Petrillová M , Sopková D , Petrovová E , 2021. Spitting cobras: experimental assay employing the model of chicken embryo and the chick chorioallantoic membrane for imaging and evaluation of effects of venom from African and Asian species (Naja ashei, Naja nigricollis, Naja siamensis, Naja sumatrana). Toxicon 189: 79–90.
-
10.
Chu ER , Weinstein SA , White J , Warrell DA , 2010. Venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes: report of ten cases with review of epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Toxicon 56: 259–272.
-
11.
Johnson R , 2009. Ophthalmic exposure to crotalid venom. J Emerg Med 36: 37–38.
-
12.
Ang LJ , Sanjay S , Sangtam T , 2014. Ophthalmia due to spitting cobra venom in an urban setting – a report of three cases. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 21: 259–261.
-
13.
Lanzetta MA , Cirtita M , Aziebu E , Cham M , Lanzetta P , 2017. Ophthalmia secondary to cobra venom spitting in the Volta Region, Ghana: a case report. Case Rep Ophthalmol 8: 99–103.
-
14.
Handford C , 2018. Case of venom ophthalmia following contact with Naja pallida: the red spitting cobra. J R Army Med Corps 164: 124–126.
-
15.
World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia , 2016. Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites, 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
16.
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa , 2010. Guidelines for the Prevention and Clinical Management of Snakebite in Africa. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
17.
Li Q , Zeng L , Deng H , Liang Q , 2022. Adverse reactions to four types of monovalent antivenom used in the treatment of snakebite envenoming in South China. Toxicon 219: 106935.
-
18.
Chong HP , Tan KY , Liu BS , Sung WC , Tan CH , 2022. Cytotoxicity of venoms and cytotoxins from Asiatic cobras (Naja kaouthia, Naja sumatrana, Naja atra) and neutralization by antivenoms from Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Toxins (Basel) 14: 334.
-
19.
Tansuwannarat P , Tongpoo A , Phongsawad S , Sriapha C , Wananukul W , Trakulsrichai S , 2023. A retrospective cohort study of cobra envenomation: clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Toxins (Basel) 15: 468.
-
20.
Delafontaine M , Panfil C , Spöler F , Kray S , Burgher F , Mathieu L , Blomet J , Schrage NF , Tambourgi DV , 2018. The ex vivo eye irritation test (EVEIT) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding. Toxicon 150: 253–260.
-
21.
Mao YC , Liu P-Y , Hung D-Z , Lai W-C , Huang S-T , Hung Y-M , Yang C-C , 2016. Bacteriology of Naja atra snakebite wound and its implications for antibiotic therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 1129–1135.
-
22.
Li QB , Gong J , Song GZ , Qin J , Zhao XQ , 2004. Antivenom eye-drop for treatment of ocular injury by cobra (Naja atra) venom poisoning. J Snake 16: 4–6.
-
23.
Cham G , Pan JC-H , Lim F , Earnest A , Gopalakrishnakone P , 2006. Effects of topical heparin, antivenom, tetracycline and dexamethasone treatment in corneal injury resulting from the venom of the black spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana), in a rabbit model. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44: 287–292.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3592 | 3592 | 448 |
| Full Text Views | 71 | 71 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 69 | 69 | 1 |
Case Report: Snake Venom Ophthalmia Caused by Cobra Exposure: A Report of 26 Cases
Zehan Zhang
Zehan Zhang
Department of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;
Search for other papers by Zehan Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Zehan Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jieyi Yang
Jieyi Yang
Department of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;
Search for other papers by Jieyi Yang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jieyi Yang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jing Fang
Jing Fang
Department of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;
Search for other papers by Jing Fang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jing Fang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jiasheng Zhang
Jiasheng Zhang
Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;
Search for other papers by Jiasheng Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jiasheng Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Liangbo Zeng
Liangbo Zeng
Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Search for other papers by Liangbo Zeng in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Liangbo Zeng in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jianjing Li
Jianjing Li
Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;
Search for other papers by Jianjing Li in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jianjing Li in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
We report 26 cases of eye injuries resulting from cobra venom sprayed by Naja atra. This accounts for 14.5% of patients (26/173) treated for cobra injuries who presented to the emergency department of a snakebite treatment center in Guangzhou, South China. Pain, blurred vision, lacrimation, photophobia, and foreign body sensation were the most common symptoms, found in 24 patients. Ophthalmic examination revealed eyelid swelling and conjunctival congestion. Eye slit lamp examination showed obvious punctate corneal epithelial defects in four patients. Five patients received an intravenous infusion of antivenom. All patients’ eyes were rinsed completely with normal saline after their arrival at the hospital. Prophylactic topical antibiotics were given to all patients. All eyes were cured without long-term sequelae.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Zehan Zhang, Jieyi Yang, and Jing Fang, Department of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China, E-mails: 2074097329@qq.com, yangjy100@qq.com, and 2591806179@qq.com. Jiasheng Zhang and Jianjing Li, Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China, E-mails: 18656008023@163.com and promiselai@126.com. Liangbo Zeng, Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China, E-mail: drzenglb@163.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Warrell DA , Ormerod LD , 1976. Snake venom ophthalmia and blindness caused by the spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 525–529.
-
2.
Grüntzig J , 1984. Spitting cobra ophthalmia (Naja nigricollis). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 185: 527–530.
-
3.
Wüster W , 1996. Taxonomic changes and toxinology: systematic revisions of the Asiatic cobras (Naja naja species complex). Toxicon 34: 399–406.
-
4.
Fung HT , Lam KK , Wong OF , Lam TS , 2010. Local antivenom treatment for ophthalmic injuries caused by a Naja atra. J Med Toxicol 6: 147–149.
-
5.
Tsai TH , Lin CC , Mao YC , Hung CL , Yang YC , Yang CC , Jeng MJ , 2020. Naja atra venom-spit ophthalmia in Taiwan: an epidemiological survey from 1990 to 2016. J Chin Med Assoc 83: 77–83.
-
6.
Zeng L , Liang Q , Liang Z , Han J , Wu M , Liu R , Wang X , 2022. Effectiveness of clotting factor replacement therapy after antivenom treatment on coagulopathic envenomation following green pit viper bites: a retrospective observational study. BMC Emerg Med 22: 9.
-
7.
Shi SC , Vogel G , Ding L , Rao DQ , Liu S , Zhang L , Wu ZJ , Chen ZN , 2022. Description of a new cobra (Naja Laurenti, 1768; Squamata, Elapidae) from China with designation of a neotype for Naja atra. Animals (Basel) 12: 3481.
-
8.
Wang NP et al., 1993. An epidemiological study on the snakebites in Guangxi Province, China in 1990. J Snake 5: 10–17.
-
9.
Polláková M , Petrilla V , Andrejčáková Z , Petrillová M , Sopková D , Petrovová E , 2021. Spitting cobras: experimental assay employing the model of chicken embryo and the chick chorioallantoic membrane for imaging and evaluation of effects of venom from African and Asian species (Naja ashei, Naja nigricollis, Naja siamensis, Naja sumatrana). Toxicon 189: 79–90.
-
10.
Chu ER , Weinstein SA , White J , Warrell DA , 2010. Venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes: report of ten cases with review of epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Toxicon 56: 259–272.
-
11.
Johnson R , 2009. Ophthalmic exposure to crotalid venom. J Emerg Med 36: 37–38.
-
12.
Ang LJ , Sanjay S , Sangtam T , 2014. Ophthalmia due to spitting cobra venom in an urban setting – a report of three cases. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 21: 259–261.
-
13.
Lanzetta MA , Cirtita M , Aziebu E , Cham M , Lanzetta P , 2017. Ophthalmia secondary to cobra venom spitting in the Volta Region, Ghana: a case report. Case Rep Ophthalmol 8: 99–103.
-
14.
Handford C , 2018. Case of venom ophthalmia following contact with Naja pallida: the red spitting cobra. J R Army Med Corps 164: 124–126.
-
15.
World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia , 2016. Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites, 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
16.
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa , 2010. Guidelines for the Prevention and Clinical Management of Snakebite in Africa. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
17.
Li Q , Zeng L , Deng H , Liang Q , 2022. Adverse reactions to four types of monovalent antivenom used in the treatment of snakebite envenoming in South China. Toxicon 219: 106935.
-
18.
Chong HP , Tan KY , Liu BS , Sung WC , Tan CH , 2022. Cytotoxicity of venoms and cytotoxins from Asiatic cobras (Naja kaouthia, Naja sumatrana, Naja atra) and neutralization by antivenoms from Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Toxins (Basel) 14: 334.
-
19.
Tansuwannarat P , Tongpoo A , Phongsawad S , Sriapha C , Wananukul W , Trakulsrichai S , 2023. A retrospective cohort study of cobra envenomation: clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Toxins (Basel) 15: 468.
-
20.
Delafontaine M , Panfil C , Spöler F , Kray S , Burgher F , Mathieu L , Blomet J , Schrage NF , Tambourgi DV , 2018. The ex vivo eye irritation test (EVEIT) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding. Toxicon 150: 253–260.
-
21.
Mao YC , Liu P-Y , Hung D-Z , Lai W-C , Huang S-T , Hung Y-M , Yang C-C , 2016. Bacteriology of Naja atra snakebite wound and its implications for antibiotic therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 1129–1135.
-
22.
Li QB , Gong J , Song GZ , Qin J , Zhao XQ , 2004. Antivenom eye-drop for treatment of ocular injury by cobra (Naja atra) venom poisoning. J Snake 16: 4–6.
-
23.
Cham G , Pan JC-H , Lim F , Earnest A , Gopalakrishnakone P , 2006. Effects of topical heparin, antivenom, tetracycline and dexamethasone treatment in corneal injury resulting from the venom of the black spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana), in a rabbit model. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44: 287–292.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3592 | 3592 | 448 |
| Full Text Views | 71 | 71 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 69 | 69 | 1 |