ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO , 2021. World Malaria Report 2021. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Kojom Foko LP , Arya A , Sharma A , Singh V , 2021. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of severe Plasmodium vivax malaria in India. J Infect 82: 231–246.
-
3.
Thriemer K et al., 2017. Challenges for achieving safe and effective radical cure of Plasmodium vivax: a round table discussion of the APMEN Vivax Working Group. Malar J 16: 141.
-
4.
Gómez-Manzo S et al., 2016. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: update and analysis of new mutations around the world. IJMS 17: 2069.
-
5.
Arunachalam AK , Sumithra S , Maddali M , Fouzia NA , Abraham A , George B , Edison ES , 2020. Molecular characterization of G6PD deficiency: report of three novel G6PD variants. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 36: 349–355.
-
6.
Luzzatto L , Ally M , Notaro R , 2020. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Blood 136: 1225–1240.
-
7.
Sarkar S , Biswas NK , Dey B , Mukhopadhyay D , Majumder PP , 2010. A large, systematic molecular-genetic study of G6PD in Indian populations identifies a new non-synonymous variant and supports recent positive selection. Infect Genet Evol 10: 1228–1236.
-
8.
Tripathi P , Agarwal S , Muthuswamy S , 2019. Prevalence and genetic characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in anemic subjects from Uttar Pradesh, India. J Pediatr Genet 8: 47–53.
-
9.
Devendra R et al., 2020. Prevalence and spectrum of mutations causing G6PD deficiency in Indian populations. Infect Genet Evol 86: 104597.
-
10.
Devendra R , Gupta V , Biradar SS , Bhat P , Hegde S , Hoti SL , Mukherjee MB , Hegde HV , 2020. G6PD A- is the major cause of G6PD deficiency among the Siddis of Karnataka, India. Ann Hum Biol 47: 55–58.
-
11.
Danquah KO et al., 2020. Molecular characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: do single nucleotide polymorphisms affect hematological parameters in HIV-positive patients? J Trop Med 2020: 5194287.
-
12.
Howes RE et al., 2013. Spatial distribution of G6PD deficiency variants across malaria-endemic regions. Malar J 12: 418.
-
13.
Howes RE et al., 2012. G6PD deficiency prevalence and estimates of affected populations in malaria endemic countries: a geostatistical model-based map. PLoS Med 9: e1001339.
-
14.
Crews KR et al., Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium , 2014. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther 95: 376–382.
-
15.
Baird K , 2015. Origins and implications of neglect of G6PD deficiency and primaquine toxicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Pathog Glob Health 109: 93–106.
-
16.
Awab GR et al., 2021. Protective effect of Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency against Plasmodium vivax malaria. eLife 10: e62448.
-
17.
Yi H et al., 2019. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Mahidol variant protects against uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infection and reduces disease severity in a Kachin population from northeast Myanmar. Infect Genet Evol 75: 103980.
-
18.
Mbanefo EC et al., 2017. Association of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 7: 45963.
-
19.
Awab GR et al., 2021. Protective effect of Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency against Plasmodium vivax malaria. Elife: e62448. doi: 10.7554/eLife.62448. PMID: 33543710; PMCID: PMC7884069.
-
20.
Luzzatto L , Seneca E , 2014. G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on‐going clinical implications. Br J Haematol 164: 469–480.
-
21.
Gómez-Manzo S et al., 2014. The stability of G6PD is affected by mutations with different clinical phenotypes. IJMS 15: 21179–21201.
-
22.
Baird JK , 2019. 8-Aminoquinoline therapy for latent malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 32: e00011–e00019.
-
23.
Fiorelli G , Martinez di Montemuros F , Cappellini MD , 2000. Chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic disorders associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 13: 39–55.
-
24.
Bancone G , Chu CS , 2021. G6PD variants and haemolytic sensitivity to primaquine and other drugs. Front Pharmacol 12: 638885.
-
25.
McCann SR , Smithwick AM , Temperley IJ , Tipton K , 1980. G6PD (Dublin): chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia resulting from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in an Irish kindred. J Med Genet 17: 191–193.
-
26.
Filosa S , Cai W , Galanello R , Cao A , De Mattia D , Schettini F , Martini G , 1994. A novel single-base mutation in the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene is associated with chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Hum Genet 94: 560–562.
-
27.
Montemuros FM , Cappellini MD , Dotti C , Tavazzi D , Bellis G , Debernardi S , Fiorelli G , 2008. Molecular characterisation of an Italian G6PD variant responsible for chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Clin Genet 46: 357–359.
-
28.
Rovira A , Vulliamy T , Pujades MA , Luzzatto L , Vives JLl , 1995. Molecular genetics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Spain: identification of two new point mutations in the G6PD gene. Br J Haematol 91: 66–71.
-
29.
Filosa S et al., 1992. Molecular basis of chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia: a new G6PD variant (393 Arg→His) with abnormal KmG6P and marked in vivo instability. Br J Haematol 80: 111–116.
-
30.
Kotaka M , Gover S , Vandeputte-Rutten L , Au SWN , Lam VMS , Adams MJ , 2005. Structural studies of glucose-6-phosphate and NADP+ binding to human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 61: 495–504.
-
31.
Wang X-T , Chan TF , Lam VMS , Engel PC , 2008. What is the role of the second “structural” NADP+-binding site in human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase? Protein Sci 17: 1403–1411.
-
32.
Gómez-Manzo S , Marcial-Quino J , Ortega-Cuellar D , Serrano-Posada H , González-Valdez A , Vanoye-Carlo A , Hernández-Ochoa B , Sierra-Palacios E , Castillo-Villanueva A , Reyes-Vivas H , 2017. Functional and biochemical analysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variants: elucidating the molecular basis of G6PD deficiency. Catalysts 7: 135.
-
33.
Horikoshi N et al., 2021. Long-range structural defects by pathogenic mutations in most severe glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118: e2022790118.
-
34.
Ahmad SS , Rahi M , Sharma A , 2021. Relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria threaten disease elimination: time to deploy tafenoquine in India? BMJ Glob Health 6: e004558.
-
35.
Watson J , Taylor WR , Menard D , Kheng S , White NJ , 2017. Modelling primaquine-induced haemolysis in G6PD deficiency. eLife 6: e23061.
-
36.
Luzzatto L , Nannelli C , Notaro R , 2016. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 30: 373–393.
-
37.
Bowman ZS , Morrow JD , Jollow DJ , McMillan DC , 2005. Primaquine-induced hemolytic anemia: role of membrane lipid peroxidation and cytoskeletal protein alterations in the hemotoxicity of 5-hydroxyprimaquine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314: 838–845.
-
38.
Jacob H , Winterhalter K , 1970. Unstable hemoglobins: the role of heme loss in Heinz body formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 65: 697–701.
-
39.
Itano HA , Hirota K , Hosokawa K , 1975. Mechanism of induction of haemolytic anaemia by phenylhydrazine. Nature 256: 665–667.
-
40.
Itano HA , Hosokawa K , Hirota K , 1976. Induction of haemolytic anaemia by substituted phenylhydrazines. Br J Haematol 32: 99–104.
-
41.
Itano HA , Hirota K , Vedvick TS , 1977. Ligands and oxidants in ferrihemochrome formation and oxidative hemolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 2556–2560.
-
42.
Kheng S et al., 2015. Tolerability and safety of weekly primaquine against relapse of Plasmodium vivax in Cambodians with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. BMC Med 13: 203.
-
43.
Recht J , Ashley EA , White NJ , 2018. Use of primaquine and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency testing: divergent policies and practices in malaria endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006230.
-
44.
Minucci A , Giardina B , Zuppi C , Capoluongo E , 2009. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase laboratory assay: how, when, and why? IUBMB Life 61: 27–34.
-
45.
Ley B et al., 2019. Performance of the Access Bio/CareStart rapid diagnostic test for the detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 16: e1002992.
-
46.
Brito-Sousa JD et al., 2021. Real-life implementation of a G6PD deficiency screening qualitative test into routine vivax malaria diagnostic units in the Brazilian Amazon (SAFEPRIM study). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009415.
-
47.
Chu CS , Bancone G , Nosten F , White NJ , Luzzatto L , 2018. Primaquine-induced haemolysis in females heterozygous for G6PD deficiency. Malar J 17: 101.
-
48.
Satyagraha AW , Sadhewa A , Panggalo LV , Subekti D , Elyazar I , Soebianto S , Mahpud N , Harahap AR , Baird JK , 2021. Genotypes and phenotypes of G6PD deficiency among Indonesian females across diagnostic thresholds of G6PD activity guiding safe primaquine therapy of latent malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009610.
-
49.
Awandu SS , Raman J , Makhanthisa TI , Kruger P , Frean J , Bousema T , Niemand J , Birkholtz L-M , 2018. Understanding human genetic factors influencing primaquine safety and efficacy to guide primaquine roll-out in a pre-elimination setting in southern Africa. Malar J 17: 120.
-
50.
Recht J , Ashley EA , White NJ , 2018. Use of primaquine and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency testing: divergent policies and practices in malaria endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006230.
-
51.
Tantular IS , Kawamoto F , 2021. Distribution of G6PD deficiency genotypes among Southeast Asian populations. Trop Med Health 49: 97.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1395 | 842 | 71 |
| Full Text Views | 293 | 126 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 184 | 30 | 0 |
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and their Relevance for the Deployment of Primaquine as a Radical Cure for Malaria
Minu Nain
Minu Nain
ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Jasmita Gill
Jasmita Gill
ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Mradul Mohan
Mradul Mohan
ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;
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Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;
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PubMed
Amit Sharma
Amit Sharma
ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;
Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;
Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Search for other papers by Amit Sharma in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
Malaria remains an important public health problem despite efforts to control it. Besides active transmission, relapsing malaria caused by dormant liver stages of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale hypnozoites is a major hurdle in malaria control and elimination programs. Primaquine (PQ) is the most widely used drug for radical cure of malaria. Due to its anti-hypnozoite and gametocidal activity, PQ plays a key role in malaria relapse and transmission. The human enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is crucial in determining the safety of PQ because G6PD-deficient individuals are prone to hemolysis if treated with PQ. Therefore, there is a need to study the prevalence of G6PD-deficient genetic variants in endemic populations to assess the risk of PQ treatment and the necessity to develop alternative treatments. In this work, we discuss the common G6PD variants, their varying enzymatic activity, and their distribution on the three-dimensional structure of G6PD. Our work highlights the important G6PD variants and the need for large-scale G6PD gene polymorphism studies to predict populations at risk of PQ-induced toxicity.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 202 KB)
Author Notes
The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) assisted with publication expenses.
Authors’ addresses: Minu Nain and Jasmita Gill, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India, E-mails: minu345r@gmail.com and jasmita.gill@gmail.com. Mradul Mohan, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India, and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India, E-mail: mradul_mohan@yahoo.com. Amit Sharma, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India, and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India, E-mail: amit.icgeb@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO , 2021. World Malaria Report 2021. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Kojom Foko LP , Arya A , Sharma A , Singh V , 2021. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of severe Plasmodium vivax malaria in India. J Infect 82: 231–246.
-
3.
Thriemer K et al., 2017. Challenges for achieving safe and effective radical cure of Plasmodium vivax: a round table discussion of the APMEN Vivax Working Group. Malar J 16: 141.
-
4.
Gómez-Manzo S et al., 2016. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: update and analysis of new mutations around the world. IJMS 17: 2069.
-
5.
Arunachalam AK , Sumithra S , Maddali M , Fouzia NA , Abraham A , George B , Edison ES , 2020. Molecular characterization of G6PD deficiency: report of three novel G6PD variants. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 36: 349–355.
-
6.
Luzzatto L , Ally M , Notaro R , 2020. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Blood 136: 1225–1240.
-
7.
Sarkar S , Biswas NK , Dey B , Mukhopadhyay D , Majumder PP , 2010. A large, systematic molecular-genetic study of G6PD in Indian populations identifies a new non-synonymous variant and supports recent positive selection. Infect Genet Evol 10: 1228–1236.
-
8.
Tripathi P , Agarwal S , Muthuswamy S , 2019. Prevalence and genetic characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in anemic subjects from Uttar Pradesh, India. J Pediatr Genet 8: 47–53.
-
9.
Devendra R et al., 2020. Prevalence and spectrum of mutations causing G6PD deficiency in Indian populations. Infect Genet Evol 86: 104597.
-
10.
Devendra R , Gupta V , Biradar SS , Bhat P , Hegde S , Hoti SL , Mukherjee MB , Hegde HV , 2020. G6PD A- is the major cause of G6PD deficiency among the Siddis of Karnataka, India. Ann Hum Biol 47: 55–58.
-
11.
Danquah KO et al., 2020. Molecular characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: do single nucleotide polymorphisms affect hematological parameters in HIV-positive patients? J Trop Med 2020: 5194287.
-
12.
Howes RE et al., 2013. Spatial distribution of G6PD deficiency variants across malaria-endemic regions. Malar J 12: 418.
-
13.
Howes RE et al., 2012. G6PD deficiency prevalence and estimates of affected populations in malaria endemic countries: a geostatistical model-based map. PLoS Med 9: e1001339.
-
14.
Crews KR et al., Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium , 2014. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther 95: 376–382.
-
15.
Baird K , 2015. Origins and implications of neglect of G6PD deficiency and primaquine toxicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Pathog Glob Health 109: 93–106.
-
16.
Awab GR et al., 2021. Protective effect of Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency against Plasmodium vivax malaria. eLife 10: e62448.
-
17.
Yi H et al., 2019. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Mahidol variant protects against uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infection and reduces disease severity in a Kachin population from northeast Myanmar. Infect Genet Evol 75: 103980.
-
18.
Mbanefo EC et al., 2017. Association of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 7: 45963.
-
19.
Awab GR et al., 2021. Protective effect of Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency against Plasmodium vivax malaria. Elife: e62448. doi: 10.7554/eLife.62448. PMID: 33543710; PMCID: PMC7884069.
-
20.
Luzzatto L , Seneca E , 2014. G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on‐going clinical implications. Br J Haematol 164: 469–480.
-
21.
Gómez-Manzo S et al., 2014. The stability of G6PD is affected by mutations with different clinical phenotypes. IJMS 15: 21179–21201.
-
22.
Baird JK , 2019. 8-Aminoquinoline therapy for latent malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 32: e00011–e00019.
-
23.
Fiorelli G , Martinez di Montemuros F , Cappellini MD , 2000. Chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic disorders associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 13: 39–55.
-
24.
Bancone G , Chu CS , 2021. G6PD variants and haemolytic sensitivity to primaquine and other drugs. Front Pharmacol 12: 638885.
-
25.
McCann SR , Smithwick AM , Temperley IJ , Tipton K , 1980. G6PD (Dublin): chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia resulting from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in an Irish kindred. J Med Genet 17: 191–193.
-
26.
Filosa S , Cai W , Galanello R , Cao A , De Mattia D , Schettini F , Martini G , 1994. A novel single-base mutation in the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene is associated with chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Hum Genet 94: 560–562.
-
27.
Montemuros FM , Cappellini MD , Dotti C , Tavazzi D , Bellis G , Debernardi S , Fiorelli G , 2008. Molecular characterisation of an Italian G6PD variant responsible for chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Clin Genet 46: 357–359.
-
28.
Rovira A , Vulliamy T , Pujades MA , Luzzatto L , Vives JLl , 1995. Molecular genetics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Spain: identification of two new point mutations in the G6PD gene. Br J Haematol 91: 66–71.
-
29.
Filosa S et al., 1992. Molecular basis of chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia: a new G6PD variant (393 Arg→His) with abnormal KmG6P and marked in vivo instability. Br J Haematol 80: 111–116.
-
30.
Kotaka M , Gover S , Vandeputte-Rutten L , Au SWN , Lam VMS , Adams MJ , 2005. Structural studies of glucose-6-phosphate and NADP+ binding to human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 61: 495–504.
-
31.
Wang X-T , Chan TF , Lam VMS , Engel PC , 2008. What is the role of the second “structural” NADP+-binding site in human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase? Protein Sci 17: 1403–1411.
-
32.
Gómez-Manzo S , Marcial-Quino J , Ortega-Cuellar D , Serrano-Posada H , González-Valdez A , Vanoye-Carlo A , Hernández-Ochoa B , Sierra-Palacios E , Castillo-Villanueva A , Reyes-Vivas H , 2017. Functional and biochemical analysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variants: elucidating the molecular basis of G6PD deficiency. Catalysts 7: 135.
-
33.
Horikoshi N et al., 2021. Long-range structural defects by pathogenic mutations in most severe glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118: e2022790118.
-
34.
Ahmad SS , Rahi M , Sharma A , 2021. Relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria threaten disease elimination: time to deploy tafenoquine in India? BMJ Glob Health 6: e004558.
-
35.
Watson J , Taylor WR , Menard D , Kheng S , White NJ , 2017. Modelling primaquine-induced haemolysis in G6PD deficiency. eLife 6: e23061.
-
36.
Luzzatto L , Nannelli C , Notaro R , 2016. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 30: 373–393.
-
37.
Bowman ZS , Morrow JD , Jollow DJ , McMillan DC , 2005. Primaquine-induced hemolytic anemia: role of membrane lipid peroxidation and cytoskeletal protein alterations in the hemotoxicity of 5-hydroxyprimaquine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314: 838–845.
-
38.
Jacob H , Winterhalter K , 1970. Unstable hemoglobins: the role of heme loss in Heinz body formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 65: 697–701.
-
39.
Itano HA , Hirota K , Hosokawa K , 1975. Mechanism of induction of haemolytic anaemia by phenylhydrazine. Nature 256: 665–667.
-
40.
Itano HA , Hosokawa K , Hirota K , 1976. Induction of haemolytic anaemia by substituted phenylhydrazines. Br J Haematol 32: 99–104.
-
41.
Itano HA , Hirota K , Vedvick TS , 1977. Ligands and oxidants in ferrihemochrome formation and oxidative hemolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 2556–2560.
-
42.
Kheng S et al., 2015. Tolerability and safety of weekly primaquine against relapse of Plasmodium vivax in Cambodians with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. BMC Med 13: 203.
-
43.
Recht J , Ashley EA , White NJ , 2018. Use of primaquine and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency testing: divergent policies and practices in malaria endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006230.
-
44.
Minucci A , Giardina B , Zuppi C , Capoluongo E , 2009. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase laboratory assay: how, when, and why? IUBMB Life 61: 27–34.
-
45.
Ley B et al., 2019. Performance of the Access Bio/CareStart rapid diagnostic test for the detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 16: e1002992.
-
46.
Brito-Sousa JD et al., 2021. Real-life implementation of a G6PD deficiency screening qualitative test into routine vivax malaria diagnostic units in the Brazilian Amazon (SAFEPRIM study). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009415.
-
47.
Chu CS , Bancone G , Nosten F , White NJ , Luzzatto L , 2018. Primaquine-induced haemolysis in females heterozygous for G6PD deficiency. Malar J 17: 101.
-
48.
Satyagraha AW , Sadhewa A , Panggalo LV , Subekti D , Elyazar I , Soebianto S , Mahpud N , Harahap AR , Baird JK , 2021. Genotypes and phenotypes of G6PD deficiency among Indonesian females across diagnostic thresholds of G6PD activity guiding safe primaquine therapy of latent malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009610.
-
49.
Awandu SS , Raman J , Makhanthisa TI , Kruger P , Frean J , Bousema T , Niemand J , Birkholtz L-M , 2018. Understanding human genetic factors influencing primaquine safety and efficacy to guide primaquine roll-out in a pre-elimination setting in southern Africa. Malar J 17: 120.
-
50.
Recht J , Ashley EA , White NJ , 2018. Use of primaquine and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency testing: divergent policies and practices in malaria endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006230.
-
51.
Tantular IS , Kawamoto F , 2021. Distribution of G6PD deficiency genotypes among Southeast Asian populations. Trop Med Health 49: 97.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1395 | 842 | 71 |
| Full Text Views | 293 | 126 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 184 | 30 | 0 |