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Challenges in Understanding the Bionomics of Indian Malaria Vectors
Gaurav Kumar
Gaurav Kumar
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Manju Rahi
Manju Rahi
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India;
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Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India;
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Amit Sharma
Amit Sharma
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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ABSTRACT.
Many factors influence the success or failure of malaria vector control program such as political will, leadership, sustained funding, robustness of healthcare system and others. In addition, updated knowledge and information about the triad of host, parasite, and vector is of paramount importance. Vector bionomics studies that determine mosquito behavior in terms of feeding, resting, biting, mating, breeding, longevity, vectorial capacity, and response to different insecticides are a step towards enhancing our understanding. In the present work, we have compiled studies conducted in India over the past two decades (2000–2020) to identify gaps in our knowledge of malaria vector bionomics and the research that needs to be done in the future. We retrieved district-level data of India’s six primary malaria vector species. According to our findings, vector bionomics studies have been undertaken in ∼50% and ∼15% of the country’s high (annual parasite index > 1) and low (annual parasite index < 1) malaria-endemic districts respectively. Most of the research studies focused on mosquito density, insecticide susceptibility status, and parasite detection, whereas other vital bionomics parameters were neglected. Surveys conducted were incomplete, and vector bionomics data were not captured sufficiently. The absence of vector bionomics data can be a blind spot and the lack or inadequate understanding of vector bionomics can lead to use of inappropriate vector control tools. Thus, there is an urgent need to initiate comprehensive bionomics studies on India’s primary and secondary malaria vectors.
Author Notes
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Authors’ addresses: Gaurav Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, and Amit Sharma, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India, E-mails: gauravnimr@gmail.com, nimr.sanjeev@gmail.com, and directornimr@gmail.com. Manju Rahi, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, E-mail: drmanjurahi@gmail.com.
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
WHO , 2021. World Malaria Report 2021. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2021. Accessed December 30, 2021.
-
2.
Subbarao SK , Nanda N , Rahi M , Raghavendra K , 2019. Biology and bionomics of malaria vectors in India: existing information and what more needs to be known for strategizing elimination of malaria. Malar J 18: 396.
-
3.
Sinka ME et al., 2012. A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors 5: 69.
-
4.
Tananchai C , Manguin S , Bangs MJ , Chareonviriyaphap T , 2019. Malaria vectors and species complexes in Thailand: implications for vector control. Trends Parasitol 35: 544–558.
-
5.
Subbarao SK , 1998. Anopheline Species Complexes in South-East Asia Region. WHO Technical Publication SEARO 18.
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6.
WHO, World Health Organization , 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part-I: Vector Bionomics and Organisation of Anti Malaria Activities. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
7.
Korgaonkar NS , Kumar A , Yadav RS , Kabadi D , Dash AP , 2012. Mosquito biting activity on humans & detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles stephensi in Goa, India. Indian J Med Res 135: 120–126.
-
8.
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-
9.
Moiroux N et al., 2012. Changes in Anopheles funestus biting behaviour following universal coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Benin. J Infect Dis 206: 1622–1629.
-
10.
Kreppel KS et al., 2020. Emergence of behavioural avoidance strategies of malaria vectors in areas of high LLIN coverage in Tanzania. Sci Rep 10: 14527.
-
11.
Rath A , Prusty MR , Das M , Mahapatra N , Tripathy H , Hazra RK , 2015. A shift in resting habitat and feeding behavior of Anopheles fluviatilis sibling species in the Keonjhar district of Odisha, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 109: 730–737.
-
12.
Sarkar S , Gangare V , Singh P , Dhiman RC , 2019. Shift in potential malaria transmission areas in India, using the Fuzzy-Based Climate Suitability Malaria Transmission (FCSMT) model under changing climatic conditions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16: 3474.
-
13.
Chaturvedi R , Deora N , Bhandari D , Parvez S , Sinha A , Sharma A , 2021. Trends of neglected Plasmodium species infection in humans over the past century in India. One Health 11: 100190.
-
14.
Quantum GIS Development Team , 2021. Quantum GIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available at: https://qgis.org/en/site/.
-
15.
Dev V , Sharma VP , 2013. The dominant mosquito vectors of human malaria in India. Manguin S , ed. Anopheles Mosquitoes: New Insights into Malaria Vectors. Rijeka, Croatia: InTechOpen, 239–271.
-
16.
Prakash A , Bhattacharyya DR , Mohapatra PK , Mahanta J , 2005. Malaria transmission risk by the mosquito Anopheles baimaii (formerly known as An. dirus species D) at different hours of the night in North-east India. Med Vet Entomol 19: 423–427.
-
17.
Prakash A , Bhattacharyya DR , Mohapatra PK , Mahanta J , 2001. Estimation of vectorial capacity of Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a forest-fringed village of Assam (India). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1: 231–237.
-
18.
Dev V , Adak T , Singh OP , Nanda N , Baidya BK , 2015. Malaria transmission in Tripura: disease distribution & determinants. Indian J Med Res 142: S12–S22.
-
19.
Sarmah NP et al., 2019. Role of Anopheles baimaii: potential vector of epidemic outbreak in Tripura, north-east India. J Glob Health Rep 3: e2019036.
-
20.
Prakash A , Bhattacharyya DR , Mohapatra PK , Barua U , Phukan A , Mahanta J , 2003. Malaria control in a forest camp in an oil exploration area of Upper Assam. Natl Med J India 16: 135–138.
-
21.
Akhtar N , Nagpal BN , Kapoor N , Srivastava A , Valecha N , 2016. Role of An. culicifacies as a vector of malaria in changing ecological scenario of northeastern states of India. J Vector Borne Dis 53: 264–271.
-
22.
Dutta P , Khan SA , Bhattarcharyya DR , Khan AM , Sharma CK , Mahanta J , 2010. Studies on the breeding habitats of the vector mosquito Anopheles baimai and its relationship to malaria incidence in northeastern region of India. EcoHealth 7: 498–506.
-
23.
Carnevale P , Manguin S , 2021. Review of issues on residual malaria transmission. J Infect Dis 223 (Suppl 2):S61–S80.
-
24.
Baruah I , Das NG , Das SC , 2004. Studies on anopheline fauna and malaria incidence in Dhansiripar PHC of Dimapur, Nagaland. J Vector Borne Dis 41: 67–71.
-
25.
Dev V , Sangma BM , Dash AP , 2010. Persistent transmission of malaria in Garo hills of Meghalaya bordering Bangladesh, north-east India. Malar J 9: 263.
-
26.
Jambulingam P , Sahu SS , Manonmoni A , 2005. Reappearance of Anopheles minimus in Singhbhum hills at east-central India. Acta Trop 96: 31–35.
-
27.
Baruah K , Lal S , 2004. A report on the susceptibility status of Anopheles minimus (Theobald) against DDT and deltamethrin in three districts of Assam. J Vector Borne Dis 41: 42–44.
-
28.
Dhiman S , Gowswami D , Rabha B , Gopalakrishnan R , Baruah I , Singh L , 2010. Malaria epidemiology along Indo-Bangladesh border in Tripura state, India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 41: 1279–1289.
-
29.
Das NG , Bhuyan M , Das SC , 2000. Entomological and epidemiological studies on malaria in Rajmahal range, Bihar. Indian J Malariol 37: 88–96.
-
30.
Dev V , Ansari MA , Hira CR , Barman K , 2001. An outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum malaria due to Anopheles minimus in central Assam, India. Indian J Malariol 38: 32–38.
-
31.
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