ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO , 2019. World Malaria Report 2019. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S, Hien TT, Faiz MA, Mokuolu OA, Dondorp AM, 2014. Malaria. Lancet 383: 723–735.
-
3.
Meara WPO, Mangeni JN, Steketee R, Greenwood B, 2010. Changes in the burden of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 545–555.
-
4.
Seck MC et al., 2017. Malaria prevalence, prevention and treatment seeking practices among nomadic pastoralists in northern Senegal. Malar J 16: 413.
-
5.
Trape J et al., 2014. The rise and fall of malaria in a west African rural community, Dielmo, Senegal, from 1990 to 2012: a 22 year longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis 14: 476–488.
-
6.
Sahel Malaria Elimination Initiative (SaME Initiative) | Mesa. Available at: https://mesamalaria.org/. Accessed July 13, 2020.
-
7.
Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), 2018. Bulletin Épidémiologique Annuel Du Paludisme Au Sénégal. Dakar. Dakar, Sensgal: PNLP.
-
8.
Ndiaye JLA et al., 2019. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention combined with community case management of malaria in children under 10 years of age, over 5 months, in south-east Senegal: a cluster randomized trial. PLoS Med 16: 1–24.
-
9.
Moss WJ et al., 2015. Malaria epidemiology and control within the International Centers of Excellence for malaria research. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 5–15.
-
10.
Hoffman SL, Vekemans J, Richie TL, Duffy PE, 2015. The march toward malaria vaccines. Vaccine 33 (Suppl 4): D13–D23.
-
11.
Goh YS, McGuire D, Rénia L, 2019. Vaccination with sporozoites: models and correlates of protection. Front Immunol 10: 1–18.
-
12.
Bell GJ et al., 2020. Case reduction and cost-effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine alongside bed nets in Lilongwe, Malawi. Vaccine 38: 4079–4087.
-
13.
Escalante AA, Grebert HM, Isea R, Goldman IF, Basco L, Magris M, Biswas S, Kariuki S, Lal AA, 2002. A study of genetic diversity in the gene encoding the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum from different transmission areas - XVI. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Mol Biochem Parasitol 125: 83–90.
-
14.
Plassmeyer ML et al., 2009. Structure of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, a leading malaria vaccine candidate. J Biol Chem 284: 26951–26963.
-
15.
Keating C, 2020. The history of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine trial. Lancet 395: 1336–1337.
-
16.
Aragam NR, Thayer KM, Nge N, Hoffman I, Martinson F, Kamwendo D, Lin FC, Sutherland C, Bailey JA, Juliano JJ, 2013. Diversity of T cell epitopes in Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein likely due to protein-protein interactions. PLoS One 8: 62427.
-
17.
Datoo MS et al., 2021. Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 397: 1809–1818.
-
18.
Gowda DC, Wu X, 2018. Parasite recognition and signaling mechanisms in innate immune responses to malaria. Front Immunol 9: 3006.
-
19.
Pringle JC, Carpi G, Almagro-Garcia J, Zhu SJ, Kobayashi T, Mulenga M, Bobanga T, Chaponda M, Moss WJ, Norris DE, 2018. RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine mismatch observed among Plasmodium falciparum isolates from southern and central Africa and globally. Sci Rep 8: 1–8.
-
20.
Riley EM, Stewart VA, 2013. Immune mechanisms in malaria: new insights in vaccine development. Nat Med 19: 168–178.
-
21.
Bei AK et al., 2018. Dramatic changes in malaria population genetic complexity in Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal, revealed using genomic surveillance. J Infect Dis 217: 622–627.
-
22.
Daniels RF et al., 2015. Modeling malaria genomics reveals transmission decline and rebound in Senegal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 7067–7072.
-
23.
Tanabe K, Mita T, Palacpac NMQ, Arisue N, Tougan T, Kawai S, Jombart T, Kobayashi F, Horii T, 2013. Within-population genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate antigens reveals geographic distance from a central sub-Saharan African origin. Vaccine 31: 1334–1339.
-
24.
Neafsey DE et al., 2015. Genetic diversity and protective efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine. N Engl J Med 373: 2025–2037.
-
25.
Fofana M, Mitri C, Diallo D, Rotureau B, Diagne CT, Gaye A, Ba Y, Dieme C, Diallo M, Dia I, 2020. Possible influence of Plasmodium/Trypanosoma co-infections on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles mosquitoes. BMC Res Notes 13: 1–6.
-
26.
Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD)/SRSD, 2015. Situation Economique et Sociale Regionale 2012. Dakar, Senegal: ANSD.
-
27.
Diouf I et al., 2017. Comparison of malaria simulations driven by meteorological observations and reanalysis products in Senegal. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 1119.
-
28.
Lucchi NW, Narayanan J, Karell MA, Xayavong M, Kariuki S, DaSilva AJ, Hill V, Udhayakumar V, 2013. Molecular diagnosis of malaria by photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primers: PET-PCR. PLoS One 8: e56677.
-
29.
Zeeshan M et al., 2012. Genetic VARIATION in the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein in India and its relevance to RTS,S malaria vaccine. PLoS One 7: e43430.
-
30.
Van Den Berg M, Ogutu B, Sewankambo NK, Biller-Andorno N, Tanner M, 2019. RTS,S malaria vaccine pilot studies: addressing the human realities in large-scale clinical trials. Trials 20: 316.
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31.
Moorthy VS, Ballou WR, 2009. Immunological mechanisms underlying protection mediated by RTS, S: a review of the available data. 8: 312.
-
32.
Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), 2021. Senegal - Charting the Path to Malaria Elimination. Available at: https://www.path.org/resources/senegal-charting-the-path-to-malaria-elimination/. Accessed July 13, 2021
-
33.
Seck MC et al., 2017. Malaria prevalence, prevention and treatment seeking practices among nomadic pastoralists in northern Senegal. Malar J 16: 413.
-
34.
Bei AK et al., 2018. Dramatic changes in malaria population genetic complexity in Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal, revealed using genomic surveillance. J Infect Dis 217: 622–627.
-
35.
Bei AK et al., 2015. Immune characterization of Plasmodium falciparum parasites with a shared genetic signature in a region of decreasing transmission. Infect Immun 83: 276–285.
-
36.
Daniels R et al., 2013. Genetic surveillance detects both clonal and epidemic transmission of malaria following enhanced intervention in Senegal. PLoS One 8: 4–10.
-
37.
Long CA, Zavala F, 2016. Malaria vaccines and human immune responses. Curr Opin Microbiol 32: 96–102.
-
38.
Kumkhaek C et al., 2005. Are extensive T cell epitope polymorphisms in the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen, a leading sporozoite vaccine candidate, selected by immune pressure? J Immunol 175: 3935–3939.
-
39.
Gandhi K, Thera MA, Coulibaly D, Traoré K, Guindo AB, Ouattara A, Takala-harrison S, Berry AA, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, 2016. Correction: variation in the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum: vaccine development implications. PLoS One 11: e0148240.
-
40.
Tanabe K, Sakihama N, Kaneko A, 2004. Stable SNPs in malaria antigen genes in isolated populations. Science 303: 493.
-
41.
Patel P, Bharti PK, Bansal D, Raman RK, Mohapatra PK, Sehgal R, Mahanta J, Sultan AA, Singh N, 2017. Genetic diversity and antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, central India: implication for vaccine development. PLoS One 12: e0182674.
-
42.
Kingston NJ, Kurtovic L, Walsh R, Joe C, Lovrecz G, Locarnini S, Beeson JG, Netter HJ, 2019. Hepatitis B virus-like particles expressing Plasmodium falciparum epitopes induce complement-fixing antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein. Vaccine 37: 1674–1684.
-
43.
Langowski MD et al., 2020. Optimization of a Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein repeat vaccine using the tobacco mosaic virus platform. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117: 3114–3122.
-
44.
Heppner DG et al., 2005. Towards an RTS, S-based, multi-stage, multi-antigen vaccine against falciparum malaria: progress at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Vaccine 23: 2243–2250.
-
45.
Draper SJ, Sack BK, King CR, Nielsen CM, Rayner JC, Higgins MK, Long CA, Seder RA, 2018. Malaria vaccines: recent advances and new horizons. Cell Host Microbe 24: 43–56.
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46.
Ouattara A et al., 2013. Molecular basis of allele-specific efficacy of a blood-stage malaria vaccine. Vaccine Development Implications. 207: 511–519.
-
47.
King A, 2019. Building a better malaria vaccine. Nature 575: S51–S54.
-
49.
Ouattara A, Barry AE, Dutta S, Remarque EJ, Beeson JG, Plowe CV, 2015. Designing malaria vaccines to circumvent antigen variability. Vaccine 33: 7506–7512.
-
50.
Greenwood B et al., 2017. Seasonal vaccination against malaria: a potential use for an imperfect malaria vaccine. Malar J 16: 182.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Spatiotemporal Dynamic of the RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine Target Antigens in Senegal
Mamadou Alpha Diallo
Mamadou Alpha Diallo
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Coralie L’Ollivier
Coralie L’Ollivier
Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France;
IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France;
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IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France;
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Khadim Diongue
Khadim Diongue
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Aida Sadikh Badiane
Aida Sadikh Badiane
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Aly Kodio
Aly Kodio
Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France;
IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France;
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IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France;
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Mamadou Lamine Tall
Mamadou Lamine Tall
Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France;
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Mouhamad Sy
Mouhamad Sy
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Mame Cheikh Seck
Mame Cheikh Seck
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Doudou Sene
Doudou Sene
IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France;
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Mouhamadou Ndiaye
Mouhamadou Ndiaye
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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Fatou Ba Fall
Fatou Ba Fall
National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Dakar, Senegal
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Stéphane Ranque
Stéphane Ranque
Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France;
IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France;
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Daouda Ndiaye
Daouda Ndiaye
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal;
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ABSTRACT.
The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine confers only moderate protection against malaria. Evidence suggests that the effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine depends upon the parasite population genetics, specifically regarding the circumsporozoite protein haplotypes in the population. We investigated Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) gene sequences from two endemic sites in 2018 in Senegal. The PfCSP sequences were compared with those retrieved from the Pf3k genome database. In the central repeat region of PfCSP, the distribution of haplotypes differed significantly between the two study sites (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.001). No 3D7 vaccine strain haplotype was observed in this locus. In the C-terminal region, there was no significant difference in haplotypes distribution between Kedougou and Diourbel (Fischer’s exact test, P = 0.122). The 3D7 haplotype frequency was 8.4% in early samples (2001–2011), but then it contracted in the subsequent years. The extensive plasticity of the P. falciparum genes coding the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine target antigens may influence the immune responses to circulating alleles. Monitoring the genetic diversity baseline and its dynamics over time and space would be instrumental in rationally improving the malaria RTS,S/AS01 vaccine and/or its implementation schedule.
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for this TES was provided by the US President's Malaria Initiative. Partial support also came from a PhD fellowship granted by the French Ministry or Foreign affairs (Ministère des Affaires Etrangères). PCR and sequencing were supported by the French Government under the Investissements d'Avenir (Investments for the Future) program managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, fr: National Agency for Research), (reference: Méditerranée Infection 10-IAHU-03), the IHU-Méditerranée Infection Foundation.
Authors’ addresses: Mamadou Alpha Diallo, Khadim Diongue, Aida Sadikh Badiane, Mouhamad Sy, Mame Cheikh Seck, Mouhamadou Ndiaye, and Daouda Ndiaye, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal, and Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal, E-mails: mamadoualpha.diallo@ucad.edu.sn, khadimase@gmail.com, asbadiane@gmail.com, symouhamad92@gmail.com, mcseck203@yahoo.fr, mouhamadou.ndiaye@ucad.edu.sn, and daouda.ndiaye@ucad.edu.sn. Aly Kodio, Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France, and IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France, E-mail: alkodio@icermali.org. Mamadou Lamine Tall, Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France, E-mail: laminetall30@gmail.com. Doudou Sene, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France, E-mail: drdocsene@yahoo.fr. Fatou Ba Fall, National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Dakar, Senegal, E-mail: fall1fatou@yahoo.fr. Stéphane Ranque, Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France, and IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France, E-mail: Stephane.RANQUE@ap-hm.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO , 2019. World Malaria Report 2019. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S, Hien TT, Faiz MA, Mokuolu OA, Dondorp AM, 2014. Malaria. Lancet 383: 723–735.
-
3.
Meara WPO, Mangeni JN, Steketee R, Greenwood B, 2010. Changes in the burden of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 545–555.
-
4.
Seck MC et al., 2017. Malaria prevalence, prevention and treatment seeking practices among nomadic pastoralists in northern Senegal. Malar J 16: 413.
-
5.
Trape J et al., 2014. The rise and fall of malaria in a west African rural community, Dielmo, Senegal, from 1990 to 2012: a 22 year longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis 14: 476–488.
-
6.
Sahel Malaria Elimination Initiative (SaME Initiative) | Mesa. Available at: https://mesamalaria.org/. Accessed July 13, 2020.
-
7.
Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), 2018. Bulletin Épidémiologique Annuel Du Paludisme Au Sénégal. Dakar. Dakar, Sensgal: PNLP.
-
8.
Ndiaye JLA et al., 2019. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention combined with community case management of malaria in children under 10 years of age, over 5 months, in south-east Senegal: a cluster randomized trial. PLoS Med 16: 1–24.
-
9.
Moss WJ et al., 2015. Malaria epidemiology and control within the International Centers of Excellence for malaria research. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 5–15.
-
10.
Hoffman SL, Vekemans J, Richie TL, Duffy PE, 2015. The march toward malaria vaccines. Vaccine 33 (Suppl 4): D13–D23.
-
11.
Goh YS, McGuire D, Rénia L, 2019. Vaccination with sporozoites: models and correlates of protection. Front Immunol 10: 1–18.
-
12.
Bell GJ et al., 2020. Case reduction and cost-effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine alongside bed nets in Lilongwe, Malawi. Vaccine 38: 4079–4087.
-
13.
Escalante AA, Grebert HM, Isea R, Goldman IF, Basco L, Magris M, Biswas S, Kariuki S, Lal AA, 2002. A study of genetic diversity in the gene encoding the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum from different transmission areas - XVI. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Mol Biochem Parasitol 125: 83–90.
-
14.
Plassmeyer ML et al., 2009. Structure of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, a leading malaria vaccine candidate. J Biol Chem 284: 26951–26963.
-
15.
Keating C, 2020. The history of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine trial. Lancet 395: 1336–1337.
-
16.
Aragam NR, Thayer KM, Nge N, Hoffman I, Martinson F, Kamwendo D, Lin FC, Sutherland C, Bailey JA, Juliano JJ, 2013. Diversity of T cell epitopes in Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein likely due to protein-protein interactions. PLoS One 8: 62427.
-
17.
Datoo MS et al., 2021. Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 397: 1809–1818.
-
18.
Gowda DC, Wu X, 2018. Parasite recognition and signaling mechanisms in innate immune responses to malaria. Front Immunol 9: 3006.
-
19.
Pringle JC, Carpi G, Almagro-Garcia J, Zhu SJ, Kobayashi T, Mulenga M, Bobanga T, Chaponda M, Moss WJ, Norris DE, 2018. RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine mismatch observed among Plasmodium falciparum isolates from southern and central Africa and globally. Sci Rep 8: 1–8.
-
20.
Riley EM, Stewart VA, 2013. Immune mechanisms in malaria: new insights in vaccine development. Nat Med 19: 168–178.
-
21.
Bei AK et al., 2018. Dramatic changes in malaria population genetic complexity in Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal, revealed using genomic surveillance. J Infect Dis 217: 622–627.
-
22.
Daniels RF et al., 2015. Modeling malaria genomics reveals transmission decline and rebound in Senegal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 7067–7072.
-
23.
Tanabe K, Mita T, Palacpac NMQ, Arisue N, Tougan T, Kawai S, Jombart T, Kobayashi F, Horii T, 2013. Within-population genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate antigens reveals geographic distance from a central sub-Saharan African origin. Vaccine 31: 1334–1339.
-
24.
Neafsey DE et al., 2015. Genetic diversity and protective efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine. N Engl J Med 373: 2025–2037.
-
25.
Fofana M, Mitri C, Diallo D, Rotureau B, Diagne CT, Gaye A, Ba Y, Dieme C, Diallo M, Dia I, 2020. Possible influence of Plasmodium/Trypanosoma co-infections on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles mosquitoes. BMC Res Notes 13: 1–6.
-
26.
Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD)/SRSD, 2015. Situation Economique et Sociale Regionale 2012. Dakar, Senegal: ANSD.
-
27.
Diouf I et al., 2017. Comparison of malaria simulations driven by meteorological observations and reanalysis products in Senegal. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 1119.
-
28.
Lucchi NW, Narayanan J, Karell MA, Xayavong M, Kariuki S, DaSilva AJ, Hill V, Udhayakumar V, 2013. Molecular diagnosis of malaria by photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primers: PET-PCR. PLoS One 8: e56677.
-
29.
Zeeshan M et al., 2012. Genetic VARIATION in the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein in India and its relevance to RTS,S malaria vaccine. PLoS One 7: e43430.
-
30.
Van Den Berg M, Ogutu B, Sewankambo NK, Biller-Andorno N, Tanner M, 2019. RTS,S malaria vaccine pilot studies: addressing the human realities in large-scale clinical trials. Trials 20: 316.
-
31.
Moorthy VS, Ballou WR, 2009. Immunological mechanisms underlying protection mediated by RTS, S: a review of the available data. 8: 312.
-
32.
Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), 2021. Senegal - Charting the Path to Malaria Elimination. Available at: https://www.path.org/resources/senegal-charting-the-path-to-malaria-elimination/. Accessed July 13, 2021
-
33.
Seck MC et al., 2017. Malaria prevalence, prevention and treatment seeking practices among nomadic pastoralists in northern Senegal. Malar J 16: 413.
-
34.
Bei AK et al., 2018. Dramatic changes in malaria population genetic complexity in Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal, revealed using genomic surveillance. J Infect Dis 217: 622–627.
-
35.
Bei AK et al., 2015. Immune characterization of Plasmodium falciparum parasites with a shared genetic signature in a region of decreasing transmission. Infect Immun 83: 276–285.
-
36.
Daniels R et al., 2013. Genetic surveillance detects both clonal and epidemic transmission of malaria following enhanced intervention in Senegal. PLoS One 8: 4–10.
-
37.
Long CA, Zavala F, 2016. Malaria vaccines and human immune responses. Curr Opin Microbiol 32: 96–102.
-
38.
Kumkhaek C et al., 2005. Are extensive T cell epitope polymorphisms in the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen, a leading sporozoite vaccine candidate, selected by immune pressure? J Immunol 175: 3935–3939.
-
39.
Gandhi K, Thera MA, Coulibaly D, Traoré K, Guindo AB, Ouattara A, Takala-harrison S, Berry AA, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, 2016. Correction: variation in the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum: vaccine development implications. PLoS One 11: e0148240.
-
40.
Tanabe K, Sakihama N, Kaneko A, 2004. Stable SNPs in malaria antigen genes in isolated populations. Science 303: 493.
-
41.
Patel P, Bharti PK, Bansal D, Raman RK, Mohapatra PK, Sehgal R, Mahanta J, Sultan AA, Singh N, 2017. Genetic diversity and antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, central India: implication for vaccine development. PLoS One 12: e0182674.
-
42.
Kingston NJ, Kurtovic L, Walsh R, Joe C, Lovrecz G, Locarnini S, Beeson JG, Netter HJ, 2019. Hepatitis B virus-like particles expressing Plasmodium falciparum epitopes induce complement-fixing antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein. Vaccine 37: 1674–1684.
-
43.
Langowski MD et al., 2020. Optimization of a Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein repeat vaccine using the tobacco mosaic virus platform. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117: 3114–3122.
-
44.
Heppner DG et al., 2005. Towards an RTS, S-based, multi-stage, multi-antigen vaccine against falciparum malaria: progress at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Vaccine 23: 2243–2250.
-
45.
Draper SJ, Sack BK, King CR, Nielsen CM, Rayner JC, Higgins MK, Long CA, Seder RA, 2018. Malaria vaccines: recent advances and new horizons. Cell Host Microbe 24: 43–56.
-
46.
Ouattara A et al., 2013. Molecular basis of allele-specific efficacy of a blood-stage malaria vaccine. Vaccine Development Implications. 207: 511–519.
-
47.
King A, 2019. Building a better malaria vaccine. Nature 575: S51–S54.
-
49.
Ouattara A, Barry AE, Dutta S, Remarque EJ, Beeson JG, Plowe CV, 2015. Designing malaria vaccines to circumvent antigen variability. Vaccine 33: 7506–7512.
-
50.
Greenwood B et al., 2017. Seasonal vaccination against malaria: a potential use for an imperfect malaria vaccine. Malar J 16: 182.
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