ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2018. World Malaria Report 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Sexton JD, Ruebush TK II, Brandling-Bennett AD, Breman JO, Roberts JM, Odera JS, Were JBO, 1990. Permethrin-impregnated curtains and bed-nets prevent malaria in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43: 11–18.
-
3.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
4.
WHO, 2007. Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets: A WHO Position Statement. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Bhatt S et al. 2015. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526: 207–211.
-
6.
Katureebe A et al. 2016. Measures of malaria burden after long-lasting insecticidal net distribution and indoor residual spraying at three sites in Uganda: a prospective observational study. PLoS Med 13: e1002167.
-
7.
Raouf S et al. 2017. Resurgence of malaria following discontinuation of indoor residual spraying of insecticide in an area of Uganda with previously high-transmission intensity. Clin Infect Dis 65: 453–460.
-
8.
Wanzira H, Katamba H, Okullo AE, Agaba B, Kasule M, Rubahika D, 2017. Factors associated with malaria parasitaemia among children under 5 years in Uganda: a secondary data analysis of the 2014 malaria indicator survey dataset. Malar J 16: 191.
-
9.
Sougoufara S, Thiaw O, Cailleau A, Diagne N, Harry M, Bouganali C, Sembène PM, Doucoure S, Sokhna C, 2018. The impact of periodic distribution campaigns of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria vector dynamics and human exposure in Dielmo, Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1343–1352.
-
10.
Thomsen EK, Koimbu G, Pulford J, Jamea-Maiasa S, Ura Y, Keven JB, Siba PM, Mueller I, Hetzel MW, Reimer LJ, 2017. Mosquito behavior change after distribution of bednets results in decreased protection against malaria exposure. J Infect Dis 215: 790–797.
-
11.
Trape JF et al. 2011. Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bednets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 925–932.
-
12.
Toé KH, Jones CM, N’Fale S, Ismail HM, Dabiré RK, Ranson H, 2014. Increased pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and decreased bed net effectiveness, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1691–1696.
-
13.
Morgan J et al. 2015. Physical durability of two types of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) three years after a mass LLIN distribution campaign in Mozambique, 2008–2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 286–293.
-
14.
Zinszer K, Stone J, Mpaata JC, Muwanguzi S, Adler S, McGowan CL, Levy PD, 2017. Success and failure: a firsthand look into Ugandas most recent bednet distribution campaign. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 251–253.
-
15.
Krezanoski PJ, Bangsberg DR, Tsai AC, 2018. Quantifying bias in measuring insecticide-treated bednet use: meta-analysis of self-reported vs objectively measured adherence. J Glob Health 8: 010411.
-
16.
Fernando SD, Abeyasinghe RR, Galappaththy GN, Gunawardena N, Ranasinghe AC, Rajapaksa LC, 2009. Sleeping arrangements under long-lasting impregnated mosquito nets: differences during low and high malaria transmission seasons. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1204–1210.
-
17.
Krezanoski PJ, Campbell JI, Santorino D, Bangsberg DR, 2017. Objective monitoring of insecticide-treated bednet use to improve malaria prevention: SmartNet development and validation. PLoS One 12: e0168116.
-
18.
Krezanoski PJ, Santorino D, Nambogo N, Campbell JI, Bangsberg DR, 2016. Maternal attitudes about objectively monitored bednet use in rural Uganda. Malar Res Treat 2016: 8727131.
-
19.
Leake DW Jr., Hii JL, 1994. Observations of human behavior influencing the use of insecticide-impregnated bednets to control malaria in Sabah, Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health 7: 92–97.
-
20.
Harvey SA, Lam Y, Martin NA, Olórtegui MP, 2017. Multiple entries and exits and other complex human patterns of insecticide-treated net use: a possible contributor to residual malaria transmission? Malar J 16: 265.
-
21.
Koudou BG, Malone D, Hemingway J, 2014. The use of motion detectors to estimate net usage by householders, in relation to mosquito density in central Cote d’Ivoire: preliminary results. Parasites Vectors 7: 96.
-
22.
Singh M, Brown G, Rogerson SJ, 2013. Ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Malar J 12: 268.
-
23.
Pulford J, Hetzel MW, Bryant M, Siba PM, Mueller I, 2011. Reported reasons for not using a mosquito net when one is available: a review of the published literature. Malar J 10: 83.
-
24.
Yukich JO, Taylor C, Eisele TP, Reithinger R, Nauhassenay H, Berhane Y, Keating J, 2013. Travel history and malaria infection risk in a low-transmission setting in Ethiopia: a case control study. Malar J 12: 33.
-
25.
Alemu K, Worku A, Berhane Y, Kumie A, 2014. Men traveling away from home are more likely to bring malaria into high altitude villages, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 9: e95341.
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26.
Time and Date AS 1995–2019. Sunrise and Sunset Times in Kampala. Available at: https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/uganda/kampala. Accessed December 21, 2018.
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27.
Haberer JE, Kahane J, Kigozi I, Emenyonu N, Hunt P, Martin J, Bangsberg DR, 2010. Real-time adherence monitoring for HIV antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav 14: 1340–1346.
-
28.
Strode C, Donegan S, Garner P, Enayati AA, Hemingway J, 2014. The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy of insecticide-treated bed nets against African anopheline mosquitoes: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001619.
-
29.
Protopopoff N et al. 2018. Effectiveness of a long-lasting piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net and indoor residual spray interventions, separately and together, against malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes: a cluster, randomised controlled, two-by-two factorial design trial. Lancet 391: 1577–1588.
-
30.
Tiono AB et al. 2018. Efficacy of Olyset Duo, a bednet containing pyriproxyfen and permethrin, versus a permethrin-only net against clinical malaria in an area with highly pyrethroid-resistant vectors in rural Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 392: 569–580.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 436 | 361 | 37 |
| Full Text Views | 1202 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 268 | 9 | 1 |
How Are Insecticide-Treated Bednets Used in Ugandan Households? A Comprehensive Characterization of Bednet Adherence Using a Remote Monitor
Paul J. Krezanoski
Paul J. Krezanoski
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
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Data Santorino
Data Santorino
Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda;
Consortium for Affordable Medical Technologies, Mbarara, Uganda;
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Consortium for Affordable Medical Technologies, Mbarara, Uganda;
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Alfred Agaba
Alfred Agaba
Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda;
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Grant Dorsey
Grant Dorsey
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
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David R. Bangsberg
David R. Bangsberg
Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon;
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Ryan W. Carroll
Ryan W. Carroll
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets are widely used and promoted for malaria control. Limitations in measurement methods have resulted in a poor understanding of how bednets are used in practice. We deployed a novel remote monitoring tool in Uganda to obtain, for the first time, a comprehensive characterization of bednet use in households at risk for malaria. Ten households each used one SmartNet adherence monitor over a commonly used sleeping area for 6 weeks. SmartNet continuously measures and records bednet use every 15 minutes. Bednet use was monitored for a total of 9,258 hours overall, with an average of 42 nights per household (SD: 3.5). Average duration of bednet use was 9 hours 49 minutes per night (SD: 1 hour 56 minutes), and adherence was 85–90% from 2100 to 0600. Bednets were not used at all on 4.5% (19/418) of observation nights. Overall, the average clock time that bednets were unfurled was 2034 (SD: 1 hour 25 minutes) and they were folded up at 0743 (SD: 43 minutes). The rate of interruptions per night observed in all households was 0.23 (86/369), with an average duration of 48 minutes (SD: 49 minutes). There was substantial heterogeneity between households, and some households had consistently poorer adherence relative to others. Variations in bednet use behaviors are a potentially important, and under-researched, component of long-lasting insecticide-treated bednet effectiveness. Remote bednet use monitors can provide novel insights into how bednets are used in practice, helping identify both households at risk of malaria due to poor adherence and also potentially novel targets for improving malaria prevention.
Author Notes
Disclosure: SmartNet was invented by P. J. K. who, along with Massachusetts General Hospital (which funded part of this work), co-owns intellectual property in SmartNet. P. J. K. is a co-founder and director (unpaid) of the 501(c)3 nonprofit organization Opportunity Solutions International (http:\\www.opportunitysolutions.org) which also funded part of this work.
Financial support: Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Thrasher Research Fund, Consortium for Affordable Medical Technologies and Opportunity Solutions International.
Authors’ addresses: Paul J. Krezanoski, Grant Dorsey, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, E-mails: paul.krezanoski@ucsf.edu and grant.dorsey@ucsf.edu. Data Santorino and Alfred Agaba, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, E-mails: boymukedata@gmail.com and agabaalfred@gmail.com. David Bangsberg, Oregon Health and Science University and Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, E-mail: bangsber@ohsu.edu. Ryan Carroll Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, E-mail: rcarroll4@mgh.harvard.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2018. World Malaria Report 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Sexton JD, Ruebush TK II, Brandling-Bennett AD, Breman JO, Roberts JM, Odera JS, Were JBO, 1990. Permethrin-impregnated curtains and bed-nets prevent malaria in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43: 11–18.
-
3.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
4.
WHO, 2007. Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets: A WHO Position Statement. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Bhatt S et al. 2015. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526: 207–211.
-
6.
Katureebe A et al. 2016. Measures of malaria burden after long-lasting insecticidal net distribution and indoor residual spraying at three sites in Uganda: a prospective observational study. PLoS Med 13: e1002167.
-
7.
Raouf S et al. 2017. Resurgence of malaria following discontinuation of indoor residual spraying of insecticide in an area of Uganda with previously high-transmission intensity. Clin Infect Dis 65: 453–460.
-
8.
Wanzira H, Katamba H, Okullo AE, Agaba B, Kasule M, Rubahika D, 2017. Factors associated with malaria parasitaemia among children under 5 years in Uganda: a secondary data analysis of the 2014 malaria indicator survey dataset. Malar J 16: 191.
-
9.
Sougoufara S, Thiaw O, Cailleau A, Diagne N, Harry M, Bouganali C, Sembène PM, Doucoure S, Sokhna C, 2018. The impact of periodic distribution campaigns of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria vector dynamics and human exposure in Dielmo, Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1343–1352.
-
10.
Thomsen EK, Koimbu G, Pulford J, Jamea-Maiasa S, Ura Y, Keven JB, Siba PM, Mueller I, Hetzel MW, Reimer LJ, 2017. Mosquito behavior change after distribution of bednets results in decreased protection against malaria exposure. J Infect Dis 215: 790–797.
-
11.
Trape JF et al. 2011. Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bednets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 925–932.
-
12.
Toé KH, Jones CM, N’Fale S, Ismail HM, Dabiré RK, Ranson H, 2014. Increased pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and decreased bed net effectiveness, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1691–1696.
-
13.
Morgan J et al. 2015. Physical durability of two types of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) three years after a mass LLIN distribution campaign in Mozambique, 2008–2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 286–293.
-
14.
Zinszer K, Stone J, Mpaata JC, Muwanguzi S, Adler S, McGowan CL, Levy PD, 2017. Success and failure: a firsthand look into Ugandas most recent bednet distribution campaign. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 251–253.
-
15.
Krezanoski PJ, Bangsberg DR, Tsai AC, 2018. Quantifying bias in measuring insecticide-treated bednet use: meta-analysis of self-reported vs objectively measured adherence. J Glob Health 8: 010411.
-
16.
Fernando SD, Abeyasinghe RR, Galappaththy GN, Gunawardena N, Ranasinghe AC, Rajapaksa LC, 2009. Sleeping arrangements under long-lasting impregnated mosquito nets: differences during low and high malaria transmission seasons. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1204–1210.
-
17.
Krezanoski PJ, Campbell JI, Santorino D, Bangsberg DR, 2017. Objective monitoring of insecticide-treated bednet use to improve malaria prevention: SmartNet development and validation. PLoS One 12: e0168116.
-
18.
Krezanoski PJ, Santorino D, Nambogo N, Campbell JI, Bangsberg DR, 2016. Maternal attitudes about objectively monitored bednet use in rural Uganda. Malar Res Treat 2016: 8727131.
-
19.
Leake DW Jr., Hii JL, 1994. Observations of human behavior influencing the use of insecticide-impregnated bednets to control malaria in Sabah, Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health 7: 92–97.
-
20.
Harvey SA, Lam Y, Martin NA, Olórtegui MP, 2017. Multiple entries and exits and other complex human patterns of insecticide-treated net use: a possible contributor to residual malaria transmission? Malar J 16: 265.
-
21.
Koudou BG, Malone D, Hemingway J, 2014. The use of motion detectors to estimate net usage by householders, in relation to mosquito density in central Cote d’Ivoire: preliminary results. Parasites Vectors 7: 96.
-
22.
Singh M, Brown G, Rogerson SJ, 2013. Ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Malar J 12: 268.
-
23.
Pulford J, Hetzel MW, Bryant M, Siba PM, Mueller I, 2011. Reported reasons for not using a mosquito net when one is available: a review of the published literature. Malar J 10: 83.
-
24.
Yukich JO, Taylor C, Eisele TP, Reithinger R, Nauhassenay H, Berhane Y, Keating J, 2013. Travel history and malaria infection risk in a low-transmission setting in Ethiopia: a case control study. Malar J 12: 33.
-
25.
Alemu K, Worku A, Berhane Y, Kumie A, 2014. Men traveling away from home are more likely to bring malaria into high altitude villages, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 9: e95341.
-
26.
Time and Date AS 1995–2019. Sunrise and Sunset Times in Kampala. Available at: https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/uganda/kampala. Accessed December 21, 2018.
-
27.
Haberer JE, Kahane J, Kigozi I, Emenyonu N, Hunt P, Martin J, Bangsberg DR, 2010. Real-time adherence monitoring for HIV antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav 14: 1340–1346.
-
28.
Strode C, Donegan S, Garner P, Enayati AA, Hemingway J, 2014. The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy of insecticide-treated bed nets against African anopheline mosquitoes: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001619.
-
29.
Protopopoff N et al. 2018. Effectiveness of a long-lasting piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net and indoor residual spray interventions, separately and together, against malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes: a cluster, randomised controlled, two-by-two factorial design trial. Lancet 391: 1577–1588.
-
30.
Tiono AB et al. 2018. Efficacy of Olyset Duo, a bednet containing pyriproxyfen and permethrin, versus a permethrin-only net against clinical malaria in an area with highly pyrethroid-resistant vectors in rural Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 392: 569–580.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 436 | 361 | 37 |
| Full Text Views | 1202 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 268 | 9 | 1 |