Langford S, Douglas NM, Lampah DA, Simpson JA, Kenangalem E, Sugiarto P, Anstey NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Price RN, 2015. Plasmodium malariae infection associated with a high burden of anemia: a hospital-based surveillance study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004195.
Eiam-Ong S, 2003. Malarial nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 23: 21–33.
Hommel B, Galloula A, Simon A, Buffet P, 2013. Hyposplenism revealed by Plasmodium malariae infection. Malar J 12: 271.
Morovic M, Poljak I, Miletic B, Troselj-Vukic B, Seili-Bekafigo I, Milotic I, 2003. Late symptomatic Plasmodium malariae relapse in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. J Travel Med 10: 301–302.
Vinetz JM, Li J, McCutchan TF, Kaslow DC, 1998. Plasmodium malariae infection in an asymptomatic 74-year-old Greek woman with splenomegaly. N Engl J Med 338: 367–371.
Lupascu G, Constantinescu P, Negulici E, Shute PG, Maryon ME, 1968. Parasitological and clinical investigations on infections with the VS Romanian strain of Plasmodium malariae transmitted by Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus. Bull World Health Organ 38: 61–67.
McKenzie FE, Jeffery GM, Collins WE, 2001. Plasmodium malariae blood-stage dynamics. J Parasitol 87: 626–637.
Browne EN, Frimpong E, Sievertsen J, Hagen J, Hamelmann C, Dietz K, Horstmann RD, Burchard GD, 2000. Malariometric update for the rainforest and savanna of Ashanti region, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94: 15–22.
Molineaux L, Storey J, Cohen JE, Thomas A, 1980. A longitudinal study of human malaria in the west African Savanna in the absence of control measures: relationships between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 725–737.
McKenzie FE, Bossert WH, 1999. Multispecies Plasmodium infections of humans. J Parasitol 85: 12–18.
Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2007. Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 20: 579–592.
Genton B, D’Acremont V, Rare L, Baea K, Reeder JC, Alpers MP, Muller I, 2008. Plasmodium vivax and mixed infections are associated with severe malaria in children: a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea. PLoS Med 5: e127.
de Alencar FEC, Malafronte RDS, Cerutti Junior C, Natal Fernandes L, Buery JC, Fux B, Rezende HR, Duarte AMRC, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Miranda AE, 2018. Assessment of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection by detection of parasite DNA in residents of an extra-Amazonian region of Brazil. Malar J 17: 113.
Camargo-Ayala PA, Cubides JR, Nino CH, Camargo M, Rodriguez-Celis CA, Quinones T, Sanchez-Suarez L, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA, 2016. High Plasmodium malariae prevalence in an endemic area of the Colombian Amazon region. PLoS One 11: e0159968.
Roh ME, Oyet C, Orikiriza P, Wade M, Kiwanuka GN, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Parikh S, Boum Y 2nd, 2016. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in children in low malaria transmission setting, southwestern Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 1494–1498.
de Alencar FEC, Malafronte RDS, Cerutti C Jr., Natal Fernandes L, Buery JC, Fux B, Rezende HR, Miranda AE, 2017. Reassessment of asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium spp. in an endemic area with a very low incidence of malaria in extra-Amazonian Brazil. Malar J 16: 452.
Hofmann NE et al. 2017. The complex relationship of exposure to new Plasmodium infections and incidence of clinical malaria in Papua New Guinea. Elife 6: e23708.
Department of Disease Control MoPH, Thailand, 2018. Thailand Malaria Elimination Program. Available at: http://203.157.41.215/malariar10/report/malaria_home_main.php. Accessed March 15, 2018.
Wampfler R, Mwingira F, Javati S, Robinson L, Betuela I, Siba P, Beck HP, Mueller I, Felger I, 2013. Strategies for detection of Plasmodium species gametocytes. PLoS One 8: e76316.
Rosanas-Urgell A, Mueller D, Betuela I, Barnadas C, Iga J, Zimmerman PA, del Portillo HA, Siba P, Mueller I, Felger I, 2010. Comparison of diagnostic methods for the detection and quantification of the four sympatric Plasmodium species in field samples from Papua New Guinea. Malar J 9: 361.
Kimura M, Kaneko O, Qing L, Mian Z, Kawamoto F, Wataya Y, Otani S, Yamaguchi Y, Tanabe K, 1997. Identification of the Four Species of Human PCR Diagnosis for Four Human Malaria Parasites. Bangkok, Thailand: The Toyota Foundation Mini-Symposium on Malaria, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University.
Guimaraes LO et al. 2015. Merozoite surface protein-1 genetic diversity in Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum from Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 15: 529.
Tanomsing N, Mayxay M, Newton PN, Nosten F, Dolecek C, Hien TT, White NJ, Day NP, Dondorp AM, Imwong M, 2014. Genetic variability of Plasmodium malariae dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) in four Asian countries. PLoS One 9: e93942.
Nakeesathit S, Saralamba N, Pukrittayakamee S, Dondorp A, Nosten F, White NJ, Imwong M, 2016. Limited polymorphism of the Kelch propeller domain in Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale isolates from Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60: 4055–4062.
Khim N et al. 2012. Reduced impact of pyrimethamine drug pressure on Plasmodium malariae dihydrofolate reductase gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 863–868.
Pongponratn E, Prommano O, Chaisri U, Viriyavejakul P, Wilairatana P, 2012. Plasmodium malariae-infected erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, liver, stomach and duodenum: an ultrastructural study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 43: 1080–1086.
Savargaonkar D, Shah N, Das MK, Srivastava B, Valecha N, 2014. Plasmodium malariae infection: a case of missed diagnosis. J Vector Borne Dis 51: 149–151.
Cao Y et al. 2016. The increasing importance of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae in a malaria elimination setting: an observational study of imported cases in Jiangsu province, China, 2011–2014. Malar J 15: 459.
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Plasmodium malariae is a neglected malaria parasite. It has wide geographic distribution and, although often associated with mild malaria, is linked to a high burden of anemia and nephrotic syndromes. Here, we report a cohort study conducted in the Kanchanaburi Province of Thailand during May 2013–June 2014 in which P. malariae infection was detected. Of the 812 study participants, two were found to be infected with P. malariae. One had an infection that led to acute malaria, but the other was positive for P. malariae at multiple visits during the study and apparently had chronic asymptomatic infection. Such persistent infection may explain how P. malariae has been able to thrive at very low prevalence and represents a challenge for malaria elimination.
Authors’ addresses: Ritthideach Yorsaeng, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, and Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: ritthideach.yor@gmail.com. Teerawat Saeseu and Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mails: teerawatsaeseu@gmail.com and jetsumon.pra@mahidol.ac.th. Kesinee Chotivanich, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: nok@tropmedres.ac. Ingrid Felger and Rahel Wampfler, Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, E-mails: ingrid.felger@swisstph.ch and rahel.wampfler@swisstph.ch. Liwang Cui, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, E-mail: luc2@psu.edu. Ivo Mueller, Population-Based Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, and Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, E-mail: mueller@wehi.edu.au. Wang Nguitragool, Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: wang.ngu@mahidol.edu.
Langford S, Douglas NM, Lampah DA, Simpson JA, Kenangalem E, Sugiarto P, Anstey NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Price RN, 2015. Plasmodium malariae infection associated with a high burden of anemia: a hospital-based surveillance study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004195.
Eiam-Ong S, 2003. Malarial nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 23: 21–33.
Hommel B, Galloula A, Simon A, Buffet P, 2013. Hyposplenism revealed by Plasmodium malariae infection. Malar J 12: 271.
Morovic M, Poljak I, Miletic B, Troselj-Vukic B, Seili-Bekafigo I, Milotic I, 2003. Late symptomatic Plasmodium malariae relapse in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. J Travel Med 10: 301–302.
Vinetz JM, Li J, McCutchan TF, Kaslow DC, 1998. Plasmodium malariae infection in an asymptomatic 74-year-old Greek woman with splenomegaly. N Engl J Med 338: 367–371.
Lupascu G, Constantinescu P, Negulici E, Shute PG, Maryon ME, 1968. Parasitological and clinical investigations on infections with the VS Romanian strain of Plasmodium malariae transmitted by Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus. Bull World Health Organ 38: 61–67.
McKenzie FE, Jeffery GM, Collins WE, 2001. Plasmodium malariae blood-stage dynamics. J Parasitol 87: 626–637.
Browne EN, Frimpong E, Sievertsen J, Hagen J, Hamelmann C, Dietz K, Horstmann RD, Burchard GD, 2000. Malariometric update for the rainforest and savanna of Ashanti region, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94: 15–22.
Molineaux L, Storey J, Cohen JE, Thomas A, 1980. A longitudinal study of human malaria in the west African Savanna in the absence of control measures: relationships between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 725–737.
McKenzie FE, Bossert WH, 1999. Multispecies Plasmodium infections of humans. J Parasitol 85: 12–18.
Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2007. Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 20: 579–592.
Genton B, D’Acremont V, Rare L, Baea K, Reeder JC, Alpers MP, Muller I, 2008. Plasmodium vivax and mixed infections are associated with severe malaria in children: a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea. PLoS Med 5: e127.
de Alencar FEC, Malafronte RDS, Cerutti Junior C, Natal Fernandes L, Buery JC, Fux B, Rezende HR, Duarte AMRC, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Miranda AE, 2018. Assessment of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection by detection of parasite DNA in residents of an extra-Amazonian region of Brazil. Malar J 17: 113.
Camargo-Ayala PA, Cubides JR, Nino CH, Camargo M, Rodriguez-Celis CA, Quinones T, Sanchez-Suarez L, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA, 2016. High Plasmodium malariae prevalence in an endemic area of the Colombian Amazon region. PLoS One 11: e0159968.
Roh ME, Oyet C, Orikiriza P, Wade M, Kiwanuka GN, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Parikh S, Boum Y 2nd, 2016. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in children in low malaria transmission setting, southwestern Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 1494–1498.
de Alencar FEC, Malafronte RDS, Cerutti C Jr., Natal Fernandes L, Buery JC, Fux B, Rezende HR, Miranda AE, 2017. Reassessment of asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium spp. in an endemic area with a very low incidence of malaria in extra-Amazonian Brazil. Malar J 16: 452.
Hofmann NE et al. 2017. The complex relationship of exposure to new Plasmodium infections and incidence of clinical malaria in Papua New Guinea. Elife 6: e23708.
Department of Disease Control MoPH, Thailand, 2018. Thailand Malaria Elimination Program. Available at: http://203.157.41.215/malariar10/report/malaria_home_main.php. Accessed March 15, 2018.
Wampfler R, Mwingira F, Javati S, Robinson L, Betuela I, Siba P, Beck HP, Mueller I, Felger I, 2013. Strategies for detection of Plasmodium species gametocytes. PLoS One 8: e76316.
Rosanas-Urgell A, Mueller D, Betuela I, Barnadas C, Iga J, Zimmerman PA, del Portillo HA, Siba P, Mueller I, Felger I, 2010. Comparison of diagnostic methods for the detection and quantification of the four sympatric Plasmodium species in field samples from Papua New Guinea. Malar J 9: 361.
Kimura M, Kaneko O, Qing L, Mian Z, Kawamoto F, Wataya Y, Otani S, Yamaguchi Y, Tanabe K, 1997. Identification of the Four Species of Human PCR Diagnosis for Four Human Malaria Parasites. Bangkok, Thailand: The Toyota Foundation Mini-Symposium on Malaria, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University.
Guimaraes LO et al. 2015. Merozoite surface protein-1 genetic diversity in Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum from Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 15: 529.
Tanomsing N, Mayxay M, Newton PN, Nosten F, Dolecek C, Hien TT, White NJ, Day NP, Dondorp AM, Imwong M, 2014. Genetic variability of Plasmodium malariae dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) in four Asian countries. PLoS One 9: e93942.
Nakeesathit S, Saralamba N, Pukrittayakamee S, Dondorp A, Nosten F, White NJ, Imwong M, 2016. Limited polymorphism of the Kelch propeller domain in Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale isolates from Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60: 4055–4062.
Khim N et al. 2012. Reduced impact of pyrimethamine drug pressure on Plasmodium malariae dihydrofolate reductase gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 863–868.
Pongponratn E, Prommano O, Chaisri U, Viriyavejakul P, Wilairatana P, 2012. Plasmodium malariae-infected erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, liver, stomach and duodenum: an ultrastructural study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 43: 1080–1086.
Savargaonkar D, Shah N, Das MK, Srivastava B, Valecha N, 2014. Plasmodium malariae infection: a case of missed diagnosis. J Vector Borne Dis 51: 149–151.
Cao Y et al. 2016. The increasing importance of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae in a malaria elimination setting: an observational study of imported cases in Jiangsu province, China, 2011–2014. Malar J 15: 459.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 370 | 293 | 17 |
Full Text Views | 872 | 23 | 3 |
PDF Downloads | 216 | 13 | 3 |