Multiple Approaches to Address Potential Risk Factors of Chagas Disease Transmission in Northeastern Brazil

Natalia Faria Daflon-Teixeira Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

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Carolina Coutinho Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

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Taís Ferreira Gomes Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

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Helena Keiko Toma Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular e Hematologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

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Rosemere Duarte Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (ENSP)/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

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Márcio Neves Bóia Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

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Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Teresina, Brazil;

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Carlos Eduardo Almeida Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil

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Marli Maria Lima Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

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Chagas disease is one of the most significant systemic parasitosis in Latin America, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mainly transmitted by hematophagous insects, the triatomines. This research was carried out in both domestic and wild environments throughout a Northeastern rural locality. Triatomines were captured in both peridomicile and wild environments, obtaining 508 specimens of triatomines, of which 99.6% were Triatoma brasiliensis. Insects were captured in 10 (18.5%) peridomiciles with an average of 8.3 triatomines per residence. Triatoma brasiliensis nymphs and adults were found in six peridomiciles, generating a 11.1% colonization. No T. cruzi infection was detected in the 447 peridomestic insects analyzed. On the other hand, of the 55 sylvatic T. brasiliensis molecularly examined for T. cruzi, 12 (21%) were positive, all harboring T. cruzi I. The blood meal analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from gut content revealed that both peridomestic and wild triatomine populations fed mainly on birds, refractory to the parasite, which may explain the null rate of natural infection prevalence in the domestic environment. However, infected triatomines for potential home infestation within the radius of insect dispersion capacity were registered in rock outcrops around the dwellings. Anthropogenic environmental influences are able to rapidly alter these scenarios. Therefore, to avoid disease transmission to humans, we recommend constant vector control combined with periodic serological surveillance. The associated methodology presented herein may serve as a model for early detections of risk factors for Chagas disease transmission in the Brazilian Northeast.

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Author Notes

Address correspondence to Carlos Eduardo Almeida, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil, E-mail: almeida_ce@hotmail.com or Marli Maria Lima, Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brazil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil, E-mails: mmlima@ioc.fiocruz.br and marlilima@uol.com.br.

Financial support: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-CAPES, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq process number 306897/2014-8), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, process number and 2016/08176-9). Opinions, hypotheses, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this material are the responsibility of the corresponding authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.

Ethics approval: The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Fiocruz (protocol number 0139/01). Resources (Sisbio) approved the triatomine capture and transport from Caatinga to Rio de Janeiro, licensed by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources—IBAMA 14.323-2.

Authors’ addresses: Natalia Faria Daflon-Teixeira, Taís Ferreira Gomes, and Marli Maria Lima, Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mails: nataliadaflon@gmail.com, taisferreiragomes@gmail.com, and mmlima@ioc.fiocruz.br. Carolina Coutinho, Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mail: carolina.coutinho@icict.fiocruz.br. Helena Keiko Toma, Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular e Hematologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mail: hktoma@globo.com. Rosemere Duarte, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mail: rduarte@ensp.fiocruz.br. Márcio Neves Bóia, Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mail: mboia@ioc.fiocruz.br. Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Teresina, Brazil, E-mail: carvalhocosta70@hotmail.com. Carlos Eduardo Almeida, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, Brazil, E-mail: almeida_ce@hotmail.com.

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