ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Tamura A, Ohashi N, Urakami H, Miyamura S, 1995. Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45: 589–591.
-
2.
Chen XR, 2001. Scrub Typhus and Orientia Tsutsugamushi. Beijing, China: Military Medical Science Press, 176–179.
-
3.
Rodkvamtook W, Gaywee J, Kanjanavanit S, Ruangareerate T, Richards AL, Sangjun N, Jeamwattanalert P, Sirisopana N, 2013. Scrub typhus outbreak, northern Thailand, 2006–2007. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 774–777.
-
4.
Silpasakorn S, Srisamut N, Ekpo P, Zhang Z, Chao CC, Ching WM, Suputtamongkol Y, 2012. Development of new broadly reactive rapid IgG and IgM lateral flow assays for diagnosis of scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 148–152.
-
5.
Liu YX, Cao WC, Gao Y, Zhang JL, Yang ZQ, Zhao ZT, Foley JE, 2006. Orientia tsutsugamushi in eschars from scrub typhus patients. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1109–1112.
-
6.
Manosroi J, Chutipongvivate S, Auwanit W, Manosroi A, 2003. Early diagnosis of scrub typhus in Thailand from clinical specimens by nested polymerase chain reaction. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34: 831–838.
-
7.
Sirisanthana V, Puthanakit T, Sirisanthana T, 2003. Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of scrub typhus in thirty Thai children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22: 341–345.
-
8.
Land MV, Ching WM, Dash GA, Zhang Z, Kelly DJ, Graves SR, Devine PL, 2000. Evaluation of a commercially available recombinant-protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies produced in scrub typhus rickettsial infections. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2701–2705.
-
9.
Thitivichianlert S, Panichkul S, Bodhidatta D, Rodkvamtook W, Sukwit S, Boonmee P, Ketupanya A, 2009. Incidence of rickettsial infection in patients with acute fever in rural Thai army hospitals. J Med Assoc Thai 92 (Suppl 1): S39–S46.
-
10.
Singhsilarak T, Phongtananant S, Jenjittikul M, Watt G, Tangpakdee N, Popak N, Chalermrut K, Looareesuwan S, 2006. Possible acute coinfections in Thai malaria patients. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37: 1–4.
-
11.
Silpapojakul K, Mitarnun W, Ovartlarnporn B, Chamroonkul N, Khow-Ean U, 1996. Liver involvement in murine typhus. Q J Med 89: 623–629.
-
12.
Moody A, 2002. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 66–78.
-
13.
Anantapreecha S, A-nuegoonpipat A, Prakrong S, Chanama S, Sa-ngasang A, Sawanpanyalert P, Kurane I, 2007. Dengue virus cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition antibody response in patients with primary dengue virus infection. Jpn J Infect Dis 60: 267–270.
-
14.
Chao CC, Zhang Z, Huber E, Porter T, Ching WM, 2011. Analysis of the cross reactivity of various 56 kDa recombinant protein antigens with O. tsutsugamushi infected serum samples by ELISA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 967–972.
-
15.
Bozeman FM, Elisberg BL, 1963. Serological diagnosis of scrub typhus by indirect immunofluorescence. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 112: 568–573.
-
16.
Robinson DM, Brown G, Gan E, Huxsoll DL, 1976. Adaptation of a microimmuno-fluorescence test to the study of human Rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibody. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 900–905.
-
17.
Sonthayanon P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Amornchai P, Smythe LD, Day NP, Peacock SJ, 2013. Molecular confirmation of co-infection by pathogenic Leptospira spp. and Orientia tsutsugamushi in patients with acute febrile illness in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 797–799.
-
18.
Kovacova E, Kazar J, 2000. Rickettsial diseases and their serological diagnosis. Clin Lab 46: 239–245.
-
19.
Amano K, Suzuki N, Fujita M, Nakamura Y, Suto T, 1993. Serologocal reactivity of sera from scrub typhus patients against Weil-Felix test antigens. Microbiol Immunol 37: 927–933.
-
20.
Kelly DJ, Wong PW, Gan E, Lewis GE, 1988. Comparative evaluation of the indirect immunoperoxidase test for the serodiagnosis of reckettsial disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 400–406.
-
21.
Kelly DJ, Wong PW, Gan E, 1990. Multi-laboratory evalution of a scrub typhus diagnostic kit. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43: 301–307.
-
22.
Kostman JR, 1996. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsial disease. Clin Dermatol 14: 301–306.
-
23.
Suto T, 1991. A ten years experience on diagnosis of rickettsial diseases using the indirect immunoperoxidase methods. Acta Virol 35: 580–586.
-
24.
Kim IS, Seong SY, Woo SG, 1993. High-level expression of a 56-kilodalton protein gene (bor56) of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong and its application to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Clin Microbiol 31: 598–605.
-
25.
Dasch GA, Halle S, Bourgeois AL, 1979. Sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against the scrub typhus Rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. J Clin Microbiol 91: 38–48.
-
26.
Weddle JR, Chan TC, Thompson K, 1995. Effectiveness of a dot-blot immunoassay of anti-Rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibodies for serologic analysis of scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53: 43–46.
-
27.
Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Chan TC, Ho TM, 1994. Detection and characterization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in infected Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) with the polymerase chain reaction. J Med Entomol 31: 691–699.
-
28.
Silpasakorn S, Waywa D, Hoontrakul S, Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Suputamongkol Y, 2012. Performance of SD Bioline Tsutsugamushi assays for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 95: S18–S22.
-
29.
Lee K-D, Moon C, Oh WS, Sohn KM, Kim B-N, 2014. Diagnosis of scrub typhus: introduction of the immunochromatographic test in Korea. Korean J Intern Med 29: 253–255.
-
30.
Blacksell SD, Jenjaroen K, Phetsouvanh R, Wuthiekanun V, Day NJ, Newton PN, Ching W-M, 2010. Accuracy of AccessBio immunoglobulin M and total antibody rapid immunochromatographic assays for the diagnosis of acute scrub typhus infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17: 263–266.
-
31.
Silpasakorn S, Srisamut N, Ekpo P, Zhang Z, Chao C-C, Ching W-M, Suputtamongkol Y, 2012. Development of new, broadly reactive, rapid IgG and IgM lateral flow assays for diagnosis of scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 148–152.
-
32.
Zhang L, He S, Wang S, Yu H, Li X, Zhang D, Pan L, Yu Q, 2011. Comparison of a rapid diagnostic test and microimmunofluorescence assay for detecting antibody to Orientia tsutsugamushi in scrub typhus patients in China. Asian Pac J Trop Med 4: 666–668.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 317 | 253 | 28 |
| Full Text Views | 322 | 6 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 116 | 5 | 1 |
Dot-ELISA Rapid Test Using Recombinant 56-kDa Protein Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Scrub Typhus
Wuttikon Rodkvamtook
Wuttikon Rodkvamtook
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Zhiwen Zhang
Zhiwen Zhang
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Chien-Chung Chao
Chien-Chung Chao
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Erin Huber
Erin Huber
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Dharadhida Bodhidatta
Dharadhida Bodhidatta
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Jariyanart Gaywee
Jariyanart Gaywee
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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John Grieco
John Grieco
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Narongrid Sirisopana
Narongrid Sirisopana
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Manerat Kityapan
Manerat Kityapan
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Michael Lewis
Michael Lewis
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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Wei-Mei Ching
Wei-Mei Ching
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand; Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, Maryland; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
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We developed a rapid dot–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) using the combination of recombinant 56-kDa protein antigens that exhibited broad reactivity with serum antibodies against the four most prevalent strains (Karp, Kato, Gilliam, and TA763) of Orientia tsutsugamushi. The assay is rapid (30 minutes), and can be done at room temperature, and results can be read by the naked eye. Only a simple shaker is required to wash the membrane. Sera from 338 patients suspected of being ill with scrub typhus from rural hospitals around Thailand were tested using this dot-ELISA. Seventy-five (22.2%) patients were found to be positive. The sensitivity and specificity of dot-ELISA were determined using the indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) test as the gold standard, with the cutoff titer of immunoglobulin peroxidase conjugate M (IgM)/G (IgG) greater than 1:400/1:400. The dot-ELISA had a sensitivity of 98.5%, a specificity of 96.3%, a positive predictive value of 86.7%, and a negative predictive value of 99.6% for the acute-phase specimens. The results indicate that dot-ELISA rapid test using recombinant 56-kDa protein antigen was comparable with the IFA test and may be very useful for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in rural hospitals, where IFA is not available.
Author Notes
Financial support: Support for this study was provided by the Royal Thai Army (to W.R.). Part of the work collaborating with the Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC) was supported by Work Unit Number 6000 (RAD1.J.A0310).
Authors' addresses: Wuttikon Rodkvamtook, Dharadhida Bodhidatta, Jariyanart Gaywee, Narongrid Sirisopana, and Manerat Kityapan, Microbiology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mails: ltwutti@hotmail.com, dbodhi@hotmail.com, jariyanart@yahoo.com, Narongrid1956@yahoo.com, and krataii_usagi@hotmail.com. Zhiwen Zhang, Chien-Chung Chao, Erin Huber, and Wei-Mei Ching, Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, and Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, E-mails: Zhiwen.zhang@med.navy.mil, chien-chung.chao@med.navy.mil, erin.huber@med.navy.mil, and wei.ching@med.navy.mil. John Grieco and Michael Lewis, Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: johngrieco88@gmail.com and dr.michael.lewis@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Tamura A, Ohashi N, Urakami H, Miyamura S, 1995. Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45: 589–591.
-
2.
Chen XR, 2001. Scrub Typhus and Orientia Tsutsugamushi. Beijing, China: Military Medical Science Press, 176–179.
-
3.
Rodkvamtook W, Gaywee J, Kanjanavanit S, Ruangareerate T, Richards AL, Sangjun N, Jeamwattanalert P, Sirisopana N, 2013. Scrub typhus outbreak, northern Thailand, 2006–2007. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 774–777.
-
4.
Silpasakorn S, Srisamut N, Ekpo P, Zhang Z, Chao CC, Ching WM, Suputtamongkol Y, 2012. Development of new broadly reactive rapid IgG and IgM lateral flow assays for diagnosis of scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 148–152.
-
5.
Liu YX, Cao WC, Gao Y, Zhang JL, Yang ZQ, Zhao ZT, Foley JE, 2006. Orientia tsutsugamushi in eschars from scrub typhus patients. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1109–1112.
-
6.
Manosroi J, Chutipongvivate S, Auwanit W, Manosroi A, 2003. Early diagnosis of scrub typhus in Thailand from clinical specimens by nested polymerase chain reaction. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34: 831–838.
-
7.
Sirisanthana V, Puthanakit T, Sirisanthana T, 2003. Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of scrub typhus in thirty Thai children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22: 341–345.
-
8.
Land MV, Ching WM, Dash GA, Zhang Z, Kelly DJ, Graves SR, Devine PL, 2000. Evaluation of a commercially available recombinant-protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies produced in scrub typhus rickettsial infections. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2701–2705.
-
9.
Thitivichianlert S, Panichkul S, Bodhidatta D, Rodkvamtook W, Sukwit S, Boonmee P, Ketupanya A, 2009. Incidence of rickettsial infection in patients with acute fever in rural Thai army hospitals. J Med Assoc Thai 92 (Suppl 1): S39–S46.
-
10.
Singhsilarak T, Phongtananant S, Jenjittikul M, Watt G, Tangpakdee N, Popak N, Chalermrut K, Looareesuwan S, 2006. Possible acute coinfections in Thai malaria patients. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37: 1–4.
-
11.
Silpapojakul K, Mitarnun W, Ovartlarnporn B, Chamroonkul N, Khow-Ean U, 1996. Liver involvement in murine typhus. Q J Med 89: 623–629.
-
12.
Moody A, 2002. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 66–78.
-
13.
Anantapreecha S, A-nuegoonpipat A, Prakrong S, Chanama S, Sa-ngasang A, Sawanpanyalert P, Kurane I, 2007. Dengue virus cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition antibody response in patients with primary dengue virus infection. Jpn J Infect Dis 60: 267–270.
-
14.
Chao CC, Zhang Z, Huber E, Porter T, Ching WM, 2011. Analysis of the cross reactivity of various 56 kDa recombinant protein antigens with O. tsutsugamushi infected serum samples by ELISA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 967–972.
-
15.
Bozeman FM, Elisberg BL, 1963. Serological diagnosis of scrub typhus by indirect immunofluorescence. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 112: 568–573.
-
16.
Robinson DM, Brown G, Gan E, Huxsoll DL, 1976. Adaptation of a microimmuno-fluorescence test to the study of human Rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibody. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 900–905.
-
17.
Sonthayanon P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Amornchai P, Smythe LD, Day NP, Peacock SJ, 2013. Molecular confirmation of co-infection by pathogenic Leptospira spp. and Orientia tsutsugamushi in patients with acute febrile illness in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 797–799.
-
18.
Kovacova E, Kazar J, 2000. Rickettsial diseases and their serological diagnosis. Clin Lab 46: 239–245.
-
19.
Amano K, Suzuki N, Fujita M, Nakamura Y, Suto T, 1993. Serologocal reactivity of sera from scrub typhus patients against Weil-Felix test antigens. Microbiol Immunol 37: 927–933.
-
20.
Kelly DJ, Wong PW, Gan E, Lewis GE, 1988. Comparative evaluation of the indirect immunoperoxidase test for the serodiagnosis of reckettsial disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 400–406.
-
21.
Kelly DJ, Wong PW, Gan E, 1990. Multi-laboratory evalution of a scrub typhus diagnostic kit. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43: 301–307.
-
22.
Kostman JR, 1996. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsial disease. Clin Dermatol 14: 301–306.
-
23.
Suto T, 1991. A ten years experience on diagnosis of rickettsial diseases using the indirect immunoperoxidase methods. Acta Virol 35: 580–586.
-
24.
Kim IS, Seong SY, Woo SG, 1993. High-level expression of a 56-kilodalton protein gene (bor56) of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong and its application to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Clin Microbiol 31: 598–605.
-
25.
Dasch GA, Halle S, Bourgeois AL, 1979. Sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against the scrub typhus Rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. J Clin Microbiol 91: 38–48.
-
26.
Weddle JR, Chan TC, Thompson K, 1995. Effectiveness of a dot-blot immunoassay of anti-Rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibodies for serologic analysis of scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53: 43–46.
-
27.
Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Chan TC, Ho TM, 1994. Detection and characterization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in infected Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) with the polymerase chain reaction. J Med Entomol 31: 691–699.
-
28.
Silpasakorn S, Waywa D, Hoontrakul S, Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Suputamongkol Y, 2012. Performance of SD Bioline Tsutsugamushi assays for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 95: S18–S22.
-
29.
Lee K-D, Moon C, Oh WS, Sohn KM, Kim B-N, 2014. Diagnosis of scrub typhus: introduction of the immunochromatographic test in Korea. Korean J Intern Med 29: 253–255.
-
30.
Blacksell SD, Jenjaroen K, Phetsouvanh R, Wuthiekanun V, Day NJ, Newton PN, Ching W-M, 2010. Accuracy of AccessBio immunoglobulin M and total antibody rapid immunochromatographic assays for the diagnosis of acute scrub typhus infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17: 263–266.
-
31.
Silpasakorn S, Srisamut N, Ekpo P, Zhang Z, Chao C-C, Ching W-M, Suputtamongkol Y, 2012. Development of new, broadly reactive, rapid IgG and IgM lateral flow assays for diagnosis of scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 148–152.
-
32.
Zhang L, He S, Wang S, Yu H, Li X, Zhang D, Pan L, Yu Q, 2011. Comparison of a rapid diagnostic test and microimmunofluorescence assay for detecting antibody to Orientia tsutsugamushi in scrub typhus patients in China. Asian Pac J Trop Med 4: 666–668.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 317 | 253 | 28 |
| Full Text Views | 322 | 6 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 116 | 5 | 1 |