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-
1
Heukelbach J, de Oliveira FA, Hesse G, Feldmeier H, 2001. Tungiasis: a neglected health problem of poor communities. Trop Med Int Health 6 :267–272.
-
2
Hesse P, 1899. Die Ausbreitung des Sandflohs in Afrika. Geogr Z (Hettner): 522–530.
-
3
Heukelbach J, da Costa AL, Wilcke T, Mencke N, Feldmeier H, 2004. The animal reservoir of Tunga penetrans in severely affected communities of north-east Brazil. Med Vet Entomol 18 :329–335.
-
4
Cooper JE, 1967. An outbreak of Tunga penetrans in a pig herd. Vet Rec 80 :365–366.
-
5
Rietschel W, 1989. Observations of the sand flea (Tunga penetrans) in humans and dogs in French Guiana. Tierarztl Prax 17 :189–193.
-
6
Trentini M, Pampiglione S, Giannetto S, Finocchiario B, 2000. Observations about specimens of Tunga sp. (Siphonaptera, Tungidae) extracted from goats of Ecuador. Parassitologia 42 :65.
-
7
Wolffhügel K, 1910. Die Flöhe (Siphonaptera) der Haustiere. Z Infektionskr Haustiere 8 :354–382.
-
8
Bonnet G, 1867. Memoire sur la puce penétrante ou chique (Pulex pentrans). Arch Med Nav 8 :19–55, 81–119.
-
9
Hoeppli R, 1963. Early references to the occurrence of Tunga penetrans in tropical Africa. Acta Trop 20 :143–153.
-
10
Muehlen M, Feldmeier H, Wilcke T, Winter B, Heukelbach J, 2006. Identifying risk factor for tungiasis and heavy infestation in a resource-poor community in northeast Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :371–380.
-
11
Muehlen M, Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Winter B, Mehlhorn H, Feldmeier H, 2003. Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil. II. Prevalence, parasite load and topographic distribution of lesions in the population of a traditional fishing village. Parasitol Res 90 :449–455.
-
12
Geigy R, 1953. Sandfloh-Probleme. Naturwissenschaften 40 :40–42.
-
13
Mazzini M, Fridmanis M, Obarrio H, Carbajal G, 1988. Tungiasis. Arch Argent Dermatol 38 :403–408.
-
15
Hicks E, 1930. The early stages of the jigger, Tunga penetrans. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 24 :575–586.
-
16
Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Harms G, Feldmeier H, 2005. Seasonal variation of tungiasis in an endemic community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :145–149.
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INFESTATION OF WISTAR RATS WITH TUNGA PENETRANS IN DIFFERENT MICROENVIRONMENTS
LARS WITT
LARS WITT
Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Community Health and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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JÖRG HEUKELBACH
JÖRG HEUKELBACH
Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Community Health and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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STEFAN SCHWALFENBERG
STEFAN SCHWALFENBERG
Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Community Health and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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RONALDO A. RIBEIRO
RONALDO A. RIBEIRO
Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Community Health and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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GUNDEL HARMS
GUNDEL HARMS
Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Community Health and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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HERMANN FELDMEIER
HERMANN FELDMEIER
Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Community Health and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Tungiasis is a zoonotic ectoparasitosis that causes considerable morbidity in affected populations. The type of microenvironment that facilitates infestation of hosts by Tunga penetrans has not been investigated. In this study, we exposed 30 laboratory-raised Wistar rats, a suitable model for the infestation, at six different places characterized by different microenvironments in a hyperendemic fishing village in northeastern Brazil. During a period of two weeks, the animals were monitored and the number of embedded fleas was documented. The number of lesions varied considerably according to the microenvironment and was highest in a cage placed at the far end of a compound of a household affected by tungiasis. No penetration was observed inside houses. Results indicate that in this endemic area transmission of T. penetrans seems to occur mainly outdoors.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Heukelbach J, de Oliveira FA, Hesse G, Feldmeier H, 2001. Tungiasis: a neglected health problem of poor communities. Trop Med Int Health 6 :267–272.
-
2
Hesse P, 1899. Die Ausbreitung des Sandflohs in Afrika. Geogr Z (Hettner): 522–530.
-
3
Heukelbach J, da Costa AL, Wilcke T, Mencke N, Feldmeier H, 2004. The animal reservoir of Tunga penetrans in severely affected communities of north-east Brazil. Med Vet Entomol 18 :329–335.
-
4
Cooper JE, 1967. An outbreak of Tunga penetrans in a pig herd. Vet Rec 80 :365–366.
-
5
Rietschel W, 1989. Observations of the sand flea (Tunga penetrans) in humans and dogs in French Guiana. Tierarztl Prax 17 :189–193.
-
6
Trentini M, Pampiglione S, Giannetto S, Finocchiario B, 2000. Observations about specimens of Tunga sp. (Siphonaptera, Tungidae) extracted from goats of Ecuador. Parassitologia 42 :65.
-
7
Wolffhügel K, 1910. Die Flöhe (Siphonaptera) der Haustiere. Z Infektionskr Haustiere 8 :354–382.
-
8
Bonnet G, 1867. Memoire sur la puce penétrante ou chique (Pulex pentrans). Arch Med Nav 8 :19–55, 81–119.
-
9
Hoeppli R, 1963. Early references to the occurrence of Tunga penetrans in tropical Africa. Acta Trop 20 :143–153.
-
10
Muehlen M, Feldmeier H, Wilcke T, Winter B, Heukelbach J, 2006. Identifying risk factor for tungiasis and heavy infestation in a resource-poor community in northeast Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :371–380.
-
11
Muehlen M, Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Winter B, Mehlhorn H, Feldmeier H, 2003. Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil. II. Prevalence, parasite load and topographic distribution of lesions in the population of a traditional fishing village. Parasitol Res 90 :449–455.
-
12
Geigy R, 1953. Sandfloh-Probleme. Naturwissenschaften 40 :40–42.
-
13
Mazzini M, Fridmanis M, Obarrio H, Carbajal G, 1988. Tungiasis. Arch Argent Dermatol 38 :403–408.
-
15
Hicks E, 1930. The early stages of the jigger, Tunga penetrans. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 24 :575–586.
-
16
Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Harms G, Feldmeier H, 2005. Seasonal variation of tungiasis in an endemic community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :145–149.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 114 | 70 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 323 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 54 | 3 | 1 |