ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 1995. Control of foodborne trematode infections. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 849 :1–157.
-
2
Orlandi PA, Chu DMT, Bier JW, Jackson GJ, 2002. Parasites and the food supply. Food Technol 56 :72–81.
-
3
Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA, 2005. Fascioliasis and other plantborne trematode zoonoses. Int J Parasitol 35 :1255–1278.
-
4
Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, 1997. Human liver flukes: A review. Res Rev Parasitol 57 :145–218.
-
5
Mas-Coma S, 2004a. Human fascioliasis. Cotruvo JA, Dufour A, Rees G, Bartram J, Carr R, Cliver DO, Craun GF, Fayer R, Gannon VPJ, eds. World Health Organization (WHO), Water-borne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes and Control. London, UK: IWA Publishing, 305–322.
-
6
Boray JC, Enigk K, 1964. Laboratory studies on the survival and infectivity of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica metacercariae. Z Tropenmed Parasitol 15 :324–331.
-
7
Valero MA, Mas-Coma S, 2000. Comparative infectivity of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae from isolates of the main and secondary reservoir animal host species in the Bolivian Altiplano high human endemic region. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 47 :17–22.
-
8
Valero MA, Darce NA, Panova M, Mas-Coma S, 2001. Relationships between host species and morphometric patterns in Fasciola hepatica adults and eggs from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano hyperendemic region. Vet Parasitol 102 :85–100.
-
9
Massoud J, 1990. Fascioliasis outbreak of man and drug test (Tri-clabendazol) in Caspian littoral, northern part of Iran, 1989. Bull Soc Fr Parasitol 8 :438.
-
10
Mas-Coma S, 2004b. Human fascioliasis: Epidemiological patterns in human endemic areas of South America, Africa and Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35 :1–11.
-
11
Mas-Coma S, 2005. Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas. J Helminthol 79 :207–216.
-
12
El Sayed MH, Allam AF, Osman MM, 1997. Prevention of human fascioliasis: A study on the role of acids detergents and potassium permanganate in clearing salads from metacercariae. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 27 :163–169.
-
13
El-Zawawy LA, Ali SM, Allam SR, 2003. The effect of potassium permanganate and sodium dichloroisocyanurate on metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 33 :305–314.
-
14
Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA, Fuentes MV, 2003. Adaptation capacities of Fasciola hepatica and their relationships with human fascioliasis: From below sea level up to the very high altitude. Combes C, Jourdane J, eds. Taxonomy, Ecology and Evolution of Metazoan Parasites. Volume II. Perpignan, France: Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, 81–123.
-
15
Moghaddam AS, Massoud JF, Mahmoodi M, Khoubbane M, Artigas P, Periago MV, Fuentes MV, Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S, 2004. Distributional outline of lymnaeid snails (Gastropoda) in the fascioliasis endemic area of Mazandaran, Iran. Acta Parasitol 49 :145–152.
-
16
Ashrafi K, Massoud J, Holakouei K, Mahmoodi M, Joafshani MA, Valero MA, Fuentes MV, Khoubbane M, Artigas P, Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S, 2004. Evidence suggesting that Fasciola gigantica might be the most prevalent causal agent of fascioliasis in northern Iran. Iranian J Publ Health 33 :31–37.
-
17
Boray JC, 1969. Experimental fascioliasis in Australia. Adv Parasitol 8 :95–210.
-
18
Esteban JG, Gonzalez C, Curtale F, Muñoz-Antoli C, Valero MA, Bargues MD, El Sayed M, El Wakeel A, Abdel-Wahab Y, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L, Mas-Coma S, 2003. Hyperendemic fascioliasis associated with schistosomiasis in villages of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :429–437.
-
19
Dixon KE, 1966. The physiology of excystment of the metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica L. Parasitology 56 :431–456.
-
20
Tielens AGM, Van Der Meer P, Van Der Bergh SG, 1981. Fasciola hepatica: simple, large-scale, “in vitro” excystment of metacercariae and subsequent isolation of juvenile liver flukes. Exp Parasitol 51 :8–12.
-
21
Dixon KE, 1964. Excystment of metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica in vitro. Nature 202 :1240–1241.
-
22
Kruatrachue M, Chitramvong YP, Upatham ES, Vichasri S, Viyanant V, 1982. Effects of physico-chemical factors on the infection of hamsters by metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverini. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 13 :614–617.
-
23
Sukontason K, Methanitikorn R, Sukontason K, Piangjai S, Choochote W, 1998. Viability of metacercariae in northern Thai traditional foods. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 29 :714–716.
-
24
Wiwanitkit V, Nithiuthai S, Suwansaksri J, Chongboonprasert C, Tangwattakanont K, 2001. Survival of heterophyd metacercariae in uncooked Thai fish dishes. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :725–727.
-
25
Fan PC, 1998. Viability of metacercariae of Clonorchis in frozen or salted freshwater fish. Int J Parasitol 28 :603–605.
-
26
Mas-Coma S, Angles R, Strauss W, Esteban JG, Oviedo JA, Buchon P, 1995. Human fasciolasis in Bolivia: A general analysis and a critical review of existing data. Res Rev Parasitol 55 :73–93.
-
27
Motawea SM, El Gilany A, Massoud A, Rizk H, El Shazly AM, Gaballah M, 2001. An epidemiological study of fascioliasis in a rural area in Dakahlia Governorate. J Environ Sci (China) 21 :31–62.
-
28
Komiya Y, 1964. Fasciolopsis buski. Morishita K, Komiya Y, Matsubayashi H, eds. Progress of Medical Parasitology in Japan. Tokyo: Meguro Parasitological Museum, 277–285.
-
29
Rim HJ, 1982. Fasciolopsiasis. Hillyer GV, Hopla CE eds. Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Section C. Parasitic Zoonoses. Volume III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 89–97.
-
30
Weng YL, Zhuang ZL, Jiang HP, Lin GR, Lin JJ, 1989. Studies on ecology of Fasciolopsis buski and control strategy of fasciolopsiasis. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 7 :108–111.
-
31
Sahba GH, Arfaa F, Farahmandian I, Jalali H, 1972. Animal fascioliasis in Khuzestan, southwestern Iran. J Parasitol 58 :712–716.
-
32
Eslami A, Farsad-Hamdi S, 1992. Helminth parasites of wild boar, Sus scrofa, in Iran. J Wildl Dis 28 :316–318.
-
33
Mohsenin H, Ebrahimian MA, 1969. Human fascioliasis in Iran: Report of a case with Fasciola hepatica in biliary duct. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 62 :36.
-
34
Khorsandi HO, 1977. Obstructive jaundice due to Fasciola hepatica. Report of two cases. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 70 :626–628.
-
35
Shirai M, 1927. The biological observations on the cysts of Fasciola hepatica and the route of migration of young worms in the final host. Sci Rep Gov Inst Infect Dis Tokyo 6 :511–523.
-
36
Ross IC, Mckay AC, 1929. The bionomics of Fasciola hepatica in New South Wales and of the intermediate host Limnaea brazieri (Smith). Bull Council Sci Indust Res Austral 43 :1–62.
-
37
Ono Y, Isoda M, Matsumura S, 1954. I. Preventive study of Fasciola hepatica infection. II. Effects on metacercariae of various environmental conditions and drugs. J Japa Vet Med Assoc 7 :153–155.
-
38
Kimura S, Shimizu A, 1979. Viability of Fasciola gigantica metacercariae. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 40 :357–359.
-
39
Alicata JE, 1938. Observations on the life history of Fasciola gigantica, the common liver fluke of cattle in Hawaii, and the intermediate host, Fossaria ollula. Hawaii Agric Exp Station Bull 80 :1–22.
-
40
Song SB, 1987. Larvicidal action of liquid nitrogen against metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis. Kisaengckunghak Chapchi 25 :123–128.
-
41
WHO, 1979. Parasitic zoonoses. Report of a WHO Expert Committee with participation of FAO. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 637 :1–157.
-
42
Duan YF, Song CC, Shou GC, Zhu H, Shi JF, Fu JK, Zhang QY, 1993. Effect of gamma-irradiation on infectivity of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 11 :45–49.
-
43
Song CC, Duan YF, Shou GC, Zhu H, 1992. Effect of cobalt-60 irradiation on the infectivity of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae. J Parasitol 78 :869–871.
-
44
Chai JY, Kim SJ, Kook J, Lee SH, 1995. Effects of gamma-irradiation on the survival and development of Metagonimus yokogawai metacercariae in rats. Korean J Parasitol 33 :297–303.
-
45
Sornmani S, Impand P, Bunditsing C, 1993. Irradiation of fish to control the infectivity of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverini. Proceedings of the Final Research Co-ordination Meeting, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Mexico D.F., Mexico, June 24–28, 1991.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 126 | 104 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 321 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 101 | 4 | 1 |
PLANT-BORNE HUMAN CONTAMINATION BY FASCIOLIASIS
KEYHAN ASHRAFI
KEYHAN ASHRAFI
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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MARIA ADELA VALERO
MARIA ADELA VALERO
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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JAFAR MASSOUD
JAFAR MASSOUD
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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ABDOLRASOUL SOBHANI
ABDOLRASOUL SOBHANI
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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SHAHRAM SOLAYMANI-MOHAMMADI
SHAHRAM SOLAYMANI-MOHAMMADI
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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PATRICIA CONDE
PATRICIA CONDE
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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MESSAUD KHOUBBANE
MESSAUD KHOUBBANE
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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MARIA DOLORES BARGUES
MARIA DOLORES BARGUES
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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SANTIAGO MAS-COMA
SANTIAGO MAS-COMA
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan University Complex, Rasht, Iran
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Contamination by fasciolids takes place through ingestion of metacercariae attached to vegetables. Experimental studies were performed with plant-made foods suggesting a role in human contamination in Iran and on the usefulness of potassium permanganate as a preventive tool for killing metacercariae attached to vegetables used in salads in Egypt. In the foods assayed, although viability decreases with time, a high percentage of the metacercariae were still alive 2 and 4 weeks after preparation. Infection of laboratory animals proved that metacercariae kept their infectivity. The 5-minute tests of potassium permanganate effects showed that metacercarial viability was not affected even at the very high doses of 300, 600, and 1,200 mg/L. Careful, subsequent washing of leaves and vegetables with water is therefore needed after its application. A review on similar studies performed with metacercariae belonging to fasciolid and other trematode species affecting humans is included.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 1995. Control of foodborne trematode infections. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 849 :1–157.
-
2
Orlandi PA, Chu DMT, Bier JW, Jackson GJ, 2002. Parasites and the food supply. Food Technol 56 :72–81.
-
3
Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA, 2005. Fascioliasis and other plantborne trematode zoonoses. Int J Parasitol 35 :1255–1278.
-
4
Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, 1997. Human liver flukes: A review. Res Rev Parasitol 57 :145–218.
-
5
Mas-Coma S, 2004a. Human fascioliasis. Cotruvo JA, Dufour A, Rees G, Bartram J, Carr R, Cliver DO, Craun GF, Fayer R, Gannon VPJ, eds. World Health Organization (WHO), Water-borne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes and Control. London, UK: IWA Publishing, 305–322.
-
6
Boray JC, Enigk K, 1964. Laboratory studies on the survival and infectivity of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica metacercariae. Z Tropenmed Parasitol 15 :324–331.
-
7
Valero MA, Mas-Coma S, 2000. Comparative infectivity of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae from isolates of the main and secondary reservoir animal host species in the Bolivian Altiplano high human endemic region. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 47 :17–22.
-
8
Valero MA, Darce NA, Panova M, Mas-Coma S, 2001. Relationships between host species and morphometric patterns in Fasciola hepatica adults and eggs from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano hyperendemic region. Vet Parasitol 102 :85–100.
-
9
Massoud J, 1990. Fascioliasis outbreak of man and drug test (Tri-clabendazol) in Caspian littoral, northern part of Iran, 1989. Bull Soc Fr Parasitol 8 :438.
-
10
Mas-Coma S, 2004b. Human fascioliasis: Epidemiological patterns in human endemic areas of South America, Africa and Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35 :1–11.
-
11
Mas-Coma S, 2005. Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas. J Helminthol 79 :207–216.
-
12
El Sayed MH, Allam AF, Osman MM, 1997. Prevention of human fascioliasis: A study on the role of acids detergents and potassium permanganate in clearing salads from metacercariae. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 27 :163–169.
-
13
El-Zawawy LA, Ali SM, Allam SR, 2003. The effect of potassium permanganate and sodium dichloroisocyanurate on metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 33 :305–314.
-
14
Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA, Fuentes MV, 2003. Adaptation capacities of Fasciola hepatica and their relationships with human fascioliasis: From below sea level up to the very high altitude. Combes C, Jourdane J, eds. Taxonomy, Ecology and Evolution of Metazoan Parasites. Volume II. Perpignan, France: Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, 81–123.
-
15
Moghaddam AS, Massoud JF, Mahmoodi M, Khoubbane M, Artigas P, Periago MV, Fuentes MV, Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S, 2004. Distributional outline of lymnaeid snails (Gastropoda) in the fascioliasis endemic area of Mazandaran, Iran. Acta Parasitol 49 :145–152.
-
16
Ashrafi K, Massoud J, Holakouei K, Mahmoodi M, Joafshani MA, Valero MA, Fuentes MV, Khoubbane M, Artigas P, Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S, 2004. Evidence suggesting that Fasciola gigantica might be the most prevalent causal agent of fascioliasis in northern Iran. Iranian J Publ Health 33 :31–37.
-
17
Boray JC, 1969. Experimental fascioliasis in Australia. Adv Parasitol 8 :95–210.
-
18
Esteban JG, Gonzalez C, Curtale F, Muñoz-Antoli C, Valero MA, Bargues MD, El Sayed M, El Wakeel A, Abdel-Wahab Y, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L, Mas-Coma S, 2003. Hyperendemic fascioliasis associated with schistosomiasis in villages of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :429–437.
-
19
Dixon KE, 1966. The physiology of excystment of the metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica L. Parasitology 56 :431–456.
-
20
Tielens AGM, Van Der Meer P, Van Der Bergh SG, 1981. Fasciola hepatica: simple, large-scale, “in vitro” excystment of metacercariae and subsequent isolation of juvenile liver flukes. Exp Parasitol 51 :8–12.
-
21
Dixon KE, 1964. Excystment of metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica in vitro. Nature 202 :1240–1241.
-
22
Kruatrachue M, Chitramvong YP, Upatham ES, Vichasri S, Viyanant V, 1982. Effects of physico-chemical factors on the infection of hamsters by metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverini. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 13 :614–617.
-
23
Sukontason K, Methanitikorn R, Sukontason K, Piangjai S, Choochote W, 1998. Viability of metacercariae in northern Thai traditional foods. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 29 :714–716.
-
24
Wiwanitkit V, Nithiuthai S, Suwansaksri J, Chongboonprasert C, Tangwattakanont K, 2001. Survival of heterophyd metacercariae in uncooked Thai fish dishes. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :725–727.
-
25
Fan PC, 1998. Viability of metacercariae of Clonorchis in frozen or salted freshwater fish. Int J Parasitol 28 :603–605.
-
26
Mas-Coma S, Angles R, Strauss W, Esteban JG, Oviedo JA, Buchon P, 1995. Human fasciolasis in Bolivia: A general analysis and a critical review of existing data. Res Rev Parasitol 55 :73–93.
-
27
Motawea SM, El Gilany A, Massoud A, Rizk H, El Shazly AM, Gaballah M, 2001. An epidemiological study of fascioliasis in a rural area in Dakahlia Governorate. J Environ Sci (China) 21 :31–62.
-
28
Komiya Y, 1964. Fasciolopsis buski. Morishita K, Komiya Y, Matsubayashi H, eds. Progress of Medical Parasitology in Japan. Tokyo: Meguro Parasitological Museum, 277–285.
-
29
Rim HJ, 1982. Fasciolopsiasis. Hillyer GV, Hopla CE eds. Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Section C. Parasitic Zoonoses. Volume III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 89–97.
-
30
Weng YL, Zhuang ZL, Jiang HP, Lin GR, Lin JJ, 1989. Studies on ecology of Fasciolopsis buski and control strategy of fasciolopsiasis. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 7 :108–111.
-
31
Sahba GH, Arfaa F, Farahmandian I, Jalali H, 1972. Animal fascioliasis in Khuzestan, southwestern Iran. J Parasitol 58 :712–716.
-
32
Eslami A, Farsad-Hamdi S, 1992. Helminth parasites of wild boar, Sus scrofa, in Iran. J Wildl Dis 28 :316–318.
-
33
Mohsenin H, Ebrahimian MA, 1969. Human fascioliasis in Iran: Report of a case with Fasciola hepatica in biliary duct. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 62 :36.
-
34
Khorsandi HO, 1977. Obstructive jaundice due to Fasciola hepatica. Report of two cases. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 70 :626–628.
-
35
Shirai M, 1927. The biological observations on the cysts of Fasciola hepatica and the route of migration of young worms in the final host. Sci Rep Gov Inst Infect Dis Tokyo 6 :511–523.
-
36
Ross IC, Mckay AC, 1929. The bionomics of Fasciola hepatica in New South Wales and of the intermediate host Limnaea brazieri (Smith). Bull Council Sci Indust Res Austral 43 :1–62.
-
37
Ono Y, Isoda M, Matsumura S, 1954. I. Preventive study of Fasciola hepatica infection. II. Effects on metacercariae of various environmental conditions and drugs. J Japa Vet Med Assoc 7 :153–155.
-
38
Kimura S, Shimizu A, 1979. Viability of Fasciola gigantica metacercariae. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 40 :357–359.
-
39
Alicata JE, 1938. Observations on the life history of Fasciola gigantica, the common liver fluke of cattle in Hawaii, and the intermediate host, Fossaria ollula. Hawaii Agric Exp Station Bull 80 :1–22.
-
40
Song SB, 1987. Larvicidal action of liquid nitrogen against metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis. Kisaengckunghak Chapchi 25 :123–128.
-
41
WHO, 1979. Parasitic zoonoses. Report of a WHO Expert Committee with participation of FAO. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 637 :1–157.
-
42
Duan YF, Song CC, Shou GC, Zhu H, Shi JF, Fu JK, Zhang QY, 1993. Effect of gamma-irradiation on infectivity of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 11 :45–49.
-
43
Song CC, Duan YF, Shou GC, Zhu H, 1992. Effect of cobalt-60 irradiation on the infectivity of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae. J Parasitol 78 :869–871.
-
44
Chai JY, Kim SJ, Kook J, Lee SH, 1995. Effects of gamma-irradiation on the survival and development of Metagonimus yokogawai metacercariae in rats. Korean J Parasitol 33 :297–303.
-
45
Sornmani S, Impand P, Bunditsing C, 1993. Irradiation of fish to control the infectivity of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverini. Proceedings of the Final Research Co-ordination Meeting, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Mexico D.F., Mexico, June 24–28, 1991.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 126 | 104 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 321 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 101 | 4 | 1 |