- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUG POLICY IN INDIA
- ARTEMISININ AND PARTNER DRUG RESISTANCE
- CONSIDERATION OF ARTEMETHER–LUMEFANTRINE AS A REPLACEMENT FOR ARTESUNATE + SULFADOXINE–PYRIMETHAMINE
- CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS REGARDING THE SWITCH TO ARTEMETHER–LUMEFANTRINE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2020. World Malaria Report 2020: 20 Years of Global Progress & Challenges. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2020. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
2.
Tse EG , Korsik M , Todd MH , 2019. The past, present and future of anti-malarial medicines. Malar J 18: 93.
-
3.
World Health Organization , 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Available at: https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2011/WHO_Treatment_Guidelines_Olumense.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
4.
World Health Organization , 2021. WHO Guidelines for Malaria. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
5.
National Center for Vector Borne Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India , 2019. Malaria. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=5784&lid=3689. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
6.
Pattanayak S et al.1979. Chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum in Assam state. Indian J Med Res 70 (Suppl):14–19.
-
7.
Directorate of the National Malaria Eradication Programme , 1986. Malaria and Its Control in India. New Delhi, India: National Malaria Eradication Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
-
8.
Chakravarty SC et al.1979. Response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in the Meghalaya state. Indian J Med Res 70: 34–39.
-
9.
Dwivedi SR et al.1979. In vivo chloroquine sensitivity tests of Plasmodium falciparum in some parts of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana states. Indian J Med Res 70: 20–22.
-
10.
Guha AK et al.1979. Results of chloroquine sensitivity tests in Plasmodium falciparum in Orissa state. Indian J Med Res 70: 40–47.
-
11.
Sharma RS , Sharma GK , Dhillon G , 1996. Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in India 1996. Delhi, India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National Malaria Eradication Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India.
-
12.
Anvikar AR et al.2014. Antimalarial drug policy in India: past, present and future. Indian J Med Res 139: 205–215.
-
13.
Mishra N et al.2014. Declining efficacy of artesunate plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in northeastern India. Malar J 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-284.
-
14.
Saha P et al.2012. Comparative efficacies of artemisinin combination therapies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria and polymorphism of pfATPase6, pfcrt, pfdhfr, and pfdhps genes in tea gardens of Jalpaiguri District, India. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 56: 2511–2517. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05388-11.
-
15.
World Health Organization , 2021. Malaria: Artemisinin Resistance. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/artemisinin-resistance. Accessed September 6, 2021.
-
16.
World Health Organization , 2019. Artemisinin Resistance and Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Efficacy. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/publications/gmp/who-cds-gmp-2019-17-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=8d1f5752_2&download=true. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
17.
WWARN K13 Genotype-Phenotype Study Group , 2019. Association of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene (Pf3D7_1343700) with parasite clearance rates after artemisinin-based treatments: a WWARN individual patient data meta-analysis. BMC Med 17: 1.
-
18.
Ménard D et al.2016. A worldwide map of Plasmodium falciparum K13-propeller polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 374: 2453–2464.
-
19.
Gregson A , Plowe CV , 2005. Mechanisms of resistance of malaria parasites to antifolates. Pharmacol Rev 57: 117–145.
-
20.
Rastogi KC et al., 1981. Pyrimethamine in combination with sulfadoxine or sulfalene in P. falciparum infected cases in India. Indian J Malariol 18: 63--66.
-
21.
Chaturvedi R et al.2021. Geographical spread and structural basis of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine drug-resistant malaria parasites. Int J Parasitol 51: 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.12.011.
-
22.
Naidoo I , Roper C , 2013. Mapping ‘partially resistant’, ‘fully resistant’, and ‘super resistant’ malaria. Trends Parasitol 29: 505--515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2013.08.002.
-
23.
Srivastava P et al.2013. A clinical and molecular study of artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in three districts of central and eastern India. Malaria J 12: 247. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-247.
-
24.
Das S et al.2016. Low prevalence of dihydro folate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) quadruple and quintuple mutant alleles associated with SP resistance in Plasmodium vivax isolates of West Bengal, India. Malar J 15: 395.
-
25.
Mohapatra PK et al.2014. Molecular evidence of increased resistance to anti-folate drugs in Plasmodium falciparum in north-east India: a signal for potential failure of artemisinin plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine combination therapy. PLoS One 9: e105562. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105562.
-
26.
Sarmah NP et al.2017. Antifolate drug resistance: novel mutations and haplotype distribution in dhps and dhfr from northeast India. J Biosci 42: 531–535.
-
27.
Mishra N et al.2016. Monitoring the efficacy of antimalarial medicines in India via sentinel sites: outcomes and risk factors for treatment failure. J Vector Borne Dis 53: 168–178.
-
28.
Das S et al.2019. Novel pfkelch13 gene polymorphism associates with artemisinin resistance in eastern India. Clin Infect Dis 69: 1144–1152.
-
29.
Das S et al.2018. Evidence of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in eastern India. N Engl J Med 379: 1962–1964.
-
30.
Rosenthal PJ , 2019. Artemisinin resistance in eastern India. Clin Infect Dis 69: 1153–1155.
-
31.
Das S et al.2021. Artemisinin combination therapy fails even in the absence of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene polymorphism in Central India. Sci Rep 11: 9946.
-
32.
Adeel AA et al.2016. High efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and declining efficacy of artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine against Plasmodium falciparum in Sudan (2010–2015): evidence from in vivo and molecular marker studies. Malar J 15: 285.
-
33.
Bharti B et al.2016. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria from three highly malarious states in India. Malar J 15: 498.
-
34.
Krishna S et al.2021. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in four malaria endemic states of India. Malar J 20: 229.
-
35.
Anvikar AR et al.2018. Efficacy of two artemisinin-based combinations for the treatment of malaria in pregnancy in India: a randomized controlled trial. Malar J 17: 246.
-
36.
Pareek A et al.2013. Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of artesunate-lumefantrine vs. artemether-lumefantrine fixed-dose combination in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 18: 578–587.
-
37.
Sarma DK et al.2019. Malaria in north-east India: importance and implications in the era of elimination. Microorganisms 7: 673.
-
38.
Beeson JG , Boeuf P , Fowkes FJ , 2015. Maximizing antimalarial efficacy and the importance of dosing strategies. BMC Med 13: 110.
-
39.
Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , 2013. National Drug Policy on Malaria, 2013. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/National-Drug-Policy-2013.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
40.
Juma DW et al.2019. The prevalence and antifolate drug resistance profiles of Plasmodium falciparum in study participants randomized to discontinue or continue cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007223.
-
41.
Church JA et al.2015. The expanding role of co-trimoxazole in developing countries. Lancet Infect Dis 15: 327–329.
-
42.
National Center for Vector Borne Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India , 2022. Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=461&lid=3739. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
43.
Deepa S , Meeradevi A , Kumar VV , 2021. Cost minimization analysis of antimalarials in India. Int J Compr Adv Pharmacol 5: 177–182.
-
44.
Uwimana A et al.2021. Association of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H genotypes with delayed parasite clearance in Rwanda: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, therapeutic efficacy study. Lancet Infect Dis 21: 1120–1128.
-
45.
Uwimana A et al.2020. Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda. Nat Med 26: 1602–1608.
-
46.
Ikeda M et al.2018. Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum with high survival rates, Uganda, 2014–2016. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 718–726.
-
47.
Asua V et al.2021. Changing prevalence of potential mediators of aminoquinoline, antifolate, and artemisinin resistance across Uganda. J Infect Dis 223: 985–994.
-
48.
Ahmad SS , Rahi M , Sharma A , 2021. Relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria threaten disease elimination: time to deploy tafenoquine in India? BMJ Glob Health 6: e004558.
-
49.
World Health Organization , 2020. The Potential Impact of Health Service Disruptions on the Burden of Malaria: A Modelling Analysis for Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240004641. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
50.
Sati SP et al.2002. Extra terminal residues have a profound effect on the folding and solubility of a Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage-specific protein over-expressed in Escherichia coli: extra terminal residues affect protein solubility. Eur J Biochem 269: 5259–5263.
-
51.
Sharma A et al.2008. Crystal structure of soluble domain of malaria sporozoite protein UIS3 in complex with lipid. J Biol Chem 283: 24077–24088.
-
52.
Jain V et al.2017. Targeting Prolyl-tRNA synthetase to accelerate drug discovery against malaria, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and coccidiosis. Structure 25: 1495–1505.e6.
-
53.
Doolan DL , Dobaño C , Baird JK , 2009. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 13–36.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 22639 | 430 | 38 |
| Full Text Views | 308 | 117 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 101 | 10 | 1 |
India Needs to Consider Planning a Change to Artemether–Lumefantrine to Treat Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
Manju Rahi
Manju Rahi
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India;
Search for other papers by Manju Rahi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Manju Rahi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Rini Chaturvedi
Rini Chaturvedi
Molecular Medicine Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India;
Search for other papers by Rini Chaturvedi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rini Chaturvedi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ritu Goswami
Ritu Goswami
National Institute of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Search for other papers by Ritu Goswami in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ritu Goswami in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Amit Sharma
Amit Sharma
Molecular Medicine Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India;
National Institute of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Search for other papers by Amit Sharma in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
National Institute of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Search for other papers by Amit Sharma in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
As the malaria elimination target draws closer for India, it must be ensured that the country’s policies, strategies, and tools remain effective. Artemisinin-based combination therapies are the mainstay of Plasmodium falciparum malaria management. India has a differential standard therapy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the form of artemether–lumefantrine in its northeastern states and artesunate + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in the rest of the country. The clinical failure of artesunate + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in the northeast regions was attributed primarily to parasite resistance resulting from mutations in the enzymes dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase. Artemether–lumefantrine was therefore substituted for artesunate + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in the region. The change has been a success, as evidenced by the therapeutic efficacy studies conducted at regular intervals in India. However, studies suggest that resistance may be emerging toward sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in multiple parts of the nation. Hence, there is a possibility that the artesunate + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine combination may be acting in part as a monotherapy, and this makes the longevity of the artesunate + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine drug combination therapy uncertain. The increasing presence of drug-resistant mutants in P. falciparum dhps and dhfr genes suggests the need for a policy switch for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria from artesunate + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine to artemether–lumefantrine.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 634 KB)
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Manju Rahi, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, E-mail: drmanjurahi@gmail.com. Rini Chaturvedi, Molecular Medicine Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India, E-mail: rini.chaturvedi@gmail.com. Ritu Goswami, National Institute of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, E-mail: rritugoswami1501@gmail.com. Amit Sharma, Molecular Medicine Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India, and National Institute of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, E-mail: directornimr@gmail.com.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUG POLICY IN INDIA
- ARTEMISININ AND PARTNER DRUG RESISTANCE
- CONSIDERATION OF ARTEMETHER–LUMEFANTRINE AS A REPLACEMENT FOR ARTESUNATE + SULFADOXINE–PYRIMETHAMINE
- CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS REGARDING THE SWITCH TO ARTEMETHER–LUMEFANTRINE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2020. World Malaria Report 2020: 20 Years of Global Progress & Challenges. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2020. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
2.
Tse EG , Korsik M , Todd MH , 2019. The past, present and future of anti-malarial medicines. Malar J 18: 93.
-
3.
World Health Organization , 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Available at: https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2011/WHO_Treatment_Guidelines_Olumense.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
4.
World Health Organization , 2021. WHO Guidelines for Malaria. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
5.
National Center for Vector Borne Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India , 2019. Malaria. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=5784&lid=3689. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
6.
Pattanayak S et al.1979. Chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum in Assam state. Indian J Med Res 70 (Suppl):14–19.
-
7.
Directorate of the National Malaria Eradication Programme , 1986. Malaria and Its Control in India. New Delhi, India: National Malaria Eradication Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
-
8.
Chakravarty SC et al.1979. Response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in the Meghalaya state. Indian J Med Res 70: 34–39.
-
9.
Dwivedi SR et al.1979. In vivo chloroquine sensitivity tests of Plasmodium falciparum in some parts of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana states. Indian J Med Res 70: 20–22.
-
10.
Guha AK et al.1979. Results of chloroquine sensitivity tests in Plasmodium falciparum in Orissa state. Indian J Med Res 70: 40–47.
-
11.
Sharma RS , Sharma GK , Dhillon G , 1996. Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in India 1996. Delhi, India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National Malaria Eradication Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India.
-
12.
Anvikar AR et al.2014. Antimalarial drug policy in India: past, present and future. Indian J Med Res 139: 205–215.
-
13.
Mishra N et al.2014. Declining efficacy of artesunate plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in northeastern India. Malar J 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-284.
-
14.
Saha P et al.2012. Comparative efficacies of artemisinin combination therapies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria and polymorphism of pfATPase6, pfcrt, pfdhfr, and pfdhps genes in tea gardens of Jalpaiguri District, India. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 56: 2511–2517. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05388-11.
-
15.
World Health Organization , 2021. Malaria: Artemisinin Resistance. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/artemisinin-resistance. Accessed September 6, 2021.
-
16.
World Health Organization , 2019. Artemisinin Resistance and Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Efficacy. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/publications/gmp/who-cds-gmp-2019-17-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=8d1f5752_2&download=true. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
17.
WWARN K13 Genotype-Phenotype Study Group , 2019. Association of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene (Pf3D7_1343700) with parasite clearance rates after artemisinin-based treatments: a WWARN individual patient data meta-analysis. BMC Med 17: 1.
-
18.
Ménard D et al.2016. A worldwide map of Plasmodium falciparum K13-propeller polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 374: 2453–2464.
-
19.
Gregson A , Plowe CV , 2005. Mechanisms of resistance of malaria parasites to antifolates. Pharmacol Rev 57: 117–145.
-
20.
Rastogi KC et al., 1981. Pyrimethamine in combination with sulfadoxine or sulfalene in P. falciparum infected cases in India. Indian J Malariol 18: 63--66.
-
21.
Chaturvedi R et al.2021. Geographical spread and structural basis of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine drug-resistant malaria parasites. Int J Parasitol 51: 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.12.011.
-
22.
Naidoo I , Roper C , 2013. Mapping ‘partially resistant’, ‘fully resistant’, and ‘super resistant’ malaria. Trends Parasitol 29: 505--515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2013.08.002.
-
23.
Srivastava P et al.2013. A clinical and molecular study of artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in three districts of central and eastern India. Malaria J 12: 247. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-247.
-
24.
Das S et al.2016. Low prevalence of dihydro folate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) quadruple and quintuple mutant alleles associated with SP resistance in Plasmodium vivax isolates of West Bengal, India. Malar J 15: 395.
-
25.
Mohapatra PK et al.2014. Molecular evidence of increased resistance to anti-folate drugs in Plasmodium falciparum in north-east India: a signal for potential failure of artemisinin plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine combination therapy. PLoS One 9: e105562. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105562.
-
26.
Sarmah NP et al.2017. Antifolate drug resistance: novel mutations and haplotype distribution in dhps and dhfr from northeast India. J Biosci 42: 531–535.
-
27.
Mishra N et al.2016. Monitoring the efficacy of antimalarial medicines in India via sentinel sites: outcomes and risk factors for treatment failure. J Vector Borne Dis 53: 168–178.
-
28.
Das S et al.2019. Novel pfkelch13 gene polymorphism associates with artemisinin resistance in eastern India. Clin Infect Dis 69: 1144–1152.
-
29.
Das S et al.2018. Evidence of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in eastern India. N Engl J Med 379: 1962–1964.
-
30.
Rosenthal PJ , 2019. Artemisinin resistance in eastern India. Clin Infect Dis 69: 1153–1155.
-
31.
Das S et al.2021. Artemisinin combination therapy fails even in the absence of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene polymorphism in Central India. Sci Rep 11: 9946.
-
32.
Adeel AA et al.2016. High efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and declining efficacy of artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine against Plasmodium falciparum in Sudan (2010–2015): evidence from in vivo and molecular marker studies. Malar J 15: 285.
-
33.
Bharti B et al.2016. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria from three highly malarious states in India. Malar J 15: 498.
-
34.
Krishna S et al.2021. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in four malaria endemic states of India. Malar J 20: 229.
-
35.
Anvikar AR et al.2018. Efficacy of two artemisinin-based combinations for the treatment of malaria in pregnancy in India: a randomized controlled trial. Malar J 17: 246.
-
36.
Pareek A et al.2013. Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of artesunate-lumefantrine vs. artemether-lumefantrine fixed-dose combination in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 18: 578–587.
-
37.
Sarma DK et al.2019. Malaria in north-east India: importance and implications in the era of elimination. Microorganisms 7: 673.
-
38.
Beeson JG , Boeuf P , Fowkes FJ , 2015. Maximizing antimalarial efficacy and the importance of dosing strategies. BMC Med 13: 110.
-
39.
Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , 2013. National Drug Policy on Malaria, 2013. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/National-Drug-Policy-2013.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
40.
Juma DW et al.2019. The prevalence and antifolate drug resistance profiles of Plasmodium falciparum in study participants randomized to discontinue or continue cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007223.
-
41.
Church JA et al.2015. The expanding role of co-trimoxazole in developing countries. Lancet Infect Dis 15: 327–329.
-
42.
National Center for Vector Borne Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India , 2022. Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=461&lid=3739. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
43.
Deepa S , Meeradevi A , Kumar VV , 2021. Cost minimization analysis of antimalarials in India. Int J Compr Adv Pharmacol 5: 177–182.
-
44.
Uwimana A et al.2021. Association of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H genotypes with delayed parasite clearance in Rwanda: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, therapeutic efficacy study. Lancet Infect Dis 21: 1120–1128.
-
45.
Uwimana A et al.2020. Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda. Nat Med 26: 1602–1608.
-
46.
Ikeda M et al.2018. Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum with high survival rates, Uganda, 2014–2016. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 718–726.
-
47.
Asua V et al.2021. Changing prevalence of potential mediators of aminoquinoline, antifolate, and artemisinin resistance across Uganda. J Infect Dis 223: 985–994.
-
48.
Ahmad SS , Rahi M , Sharma A , 2021. Relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria threaten disease elimination: time to deploy tafenoquine in India? BMJ Glob Health 6: e004558.
-
49.
World Health Organization , 2020. The Potential Impact of Health Service Disruptions on the Burden of Malaria: A Modelling Analysis for Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240004641. Accessed February 15, 2022.
-
50.
Sati SP et al.2002. Extra terminal residues have a profound effect on the folding and solubility of a Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage-specific protein over-expressed in Escherichia coli: extra terminal residues affect protein solubility. Eur J Biochem 269: 5259–5263.
-
51.
Sharma A et al.2008. Crystal structure of soluble domain of malaria sporozoite protein UIS3 in complex with lipid. J Biol Chem 283: 24077–24088.
-
52.
Jain V et al.2017. Targeting Prolyl-tRNA synthetase to accelerate drug discovery against malaria, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and coccidiosis. Structure 25: 1495–1505.e6.
-
53.
Doolan DL , Dobaño C , Baird JK , 2009. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 13–36.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 22639 | 430 | 38 |
| Full Text Views | 308 | 117 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 101 | 10 | 1 |