- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Distribution of publications by category and by year.
- Distribution of studies by therapeutic class and sample size.
- Distribution of samples according to sampling sector and sampling area.
- Prevalence of SF medicines.
- Analytical techniques.
- Pharmacopeias used and galenical forms studied.
- Methodological quality of studies.
- Sampling strategy and ethical aspects.
- Causes of noncompliance.
- Case reports.
- WHO, GPHF-Minilab, and MPHC alerts.
- IRACM notifications.
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hamilton WL , Doyle C , Halliwell-Ewen M , Lambert G , 2016. Public health interventions to protect against falsified medicines: A systematic review of international, national and local policies. Health Policy Plan 31: 1448–1466.
-
2.
Mackey TK , 2018. Prevalence of substandard and falsified essential medicines: still an incomplete picture. JAMA Netw Open 1: e181685.
-
3.
Kelesidis T , Kelesidis I , Rafailidis PI , Falagas ME , 2007. Substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs. Clin Microbiol Rev 60: 214–236.
-
4.
Newton PN , Green MD , Fernández FM , Day NPJ , White NJ , 2006. Counterfeit anti-infective drugs. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 602–613.
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5.
Delepierre A , Gayot A , Carpentier A , 2012. Update on counterfeit antibiotics worldwide: public health risks. Med Mal Infect 42: 247–255.
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World Health Organization , 2017. A Study on the Public Health and Socioeconomic Impact of Substandard and Falsified Medical Products. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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7.
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé , 2017. Dans les Pays en Développement, 1 Médicament sur 10 Est de Qualité Inférieure ou Falsifié. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/substandard-falsified-products/fr/.Accessed September 7, 2020.
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8.
Heyman ML , Williams RL , 2011. Ensuring global access to quality medicines: role of the US pharmacopeia. J Pharm Sci 100: 1280–1287.
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9.
Newton PN et al.2009. Guidelines and guidance guidelines for field surveys of the quality of medicines: a proposal. PLoS Med 6: e1000052.
-
10.
Almuzaini T , Choonara I , Sammons H , 2013. Substandard and counterfeit medicines: a systematic review of the literature. BMJ Open 3: e002923.
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Newton PN , Fernández FM , Green MD , Primo-Carpenter J , White NJ , Sosa A , Byarugaba D , Amábile-Cuevas C , Hsueh PR , Kariuki S & Okeke I Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries. New York, NY: Springer, 413–443
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Koczwara A , Dressman J , 2017. Poor-quality and counterfeit drugs: a systematic assessment of prevalence and risks based on data published from 2007 to 2016. J Pharm Sci 106: 2921–2929.
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Ministère de la Santé Publique du Cameroun , 2013. Politique Pharmaceutique Nationale, 2–43. Available at: https://dpml.cm/images/Actualite/2021/Politique-pharmaceutique-nationale-Cameroun_PPN.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2021.
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17.
Fahad A , Alghannam A , Aslanpour Z , Evans S , Schifano F , 2014. A systematic review of counterfeit and substandard medicines in field quality survey. Integr Pharm Res Pract 3: 71–88.
-
18.
Fernandez FM , Green MD , Newton PN , 2008. Prevalence and detection of counterfeit pharmaceuticals: a mini review. Eng. Chem. Res 47: 585–590.
-
19.
Ozawa S et al.2018. Prevalence and estimated economic burden of substandard and falsified medicines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 1: e181662.
-
20.
Johnston A , Holt DW , 2014. Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health. Br J Clin Pharmacol 78: 218–243.
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21.
Nayyar GML , Breman JG , Newton PN , Herrington J , 2012. Poor-quality antimalarial drugs in southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 488–496.
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22.
Health Sciences and Diseases , 2021. The Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. Available at: https://www.hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hsd. Accessed March 17, 2021.
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Infectious Diseases Data Observatory , 2021. Medicine Quality Scientific Literature Surveyor. Available at: https://www.iddo.org/mq-scientific-literature-surveyor. Accessed September 9, 2020.
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24.
World Health Organization , 2007. Survey of the Quality of Antiretroviral Medicines Circulating in Selected African Countries. Available at: https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/ARV_survey.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2020.
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Djobet MP , Singhe D , Lohoue J , Kuaban C , Ngogang J , Tambo E , 2017. Antiretroviral therapy supply chain quality control and assurance in improving people living with HIV therapeutic outcomes in Cameroon. AIDS Res Ther 14: 1–8.
-
26.
World Health Organization , 2011. Survey of the Quality of Selected Antimalarial Medicines Circulating in Six Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_QAMSA_report.pdf. Accessed April 25, 2020.
-
27.
Nnanga NE , Eboumbou MEC , Ngene JP , Ewoudou MER , Mpondo ME , 2015. Evaluation pharmacotechnique des molécules antipaludiques du marché légal et du marché illicite à Yaoundé : cas de l’arteméther–luméfantrine 20/120. Health Sci. Dis 16: 1–5.
-
28.
Basco LK , 2004. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XIX. Quality of antimalarial drugs used for self-medication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 245–250.
-
29.
Sawadogo CW , Amood Al-Kamarany M , Al-Mekhlafi HM , Elkarbane M , Al-Adhroey AH , Cherrah Y , Bouklouze A , 2011. Quality of chloroquine tablets available in Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 105: 447–453.
-
30.
Nnanga NE , Tamdem GS , Manga MR , Sidjui LS , Mpondo MEA , 2016. Pharmaceutical control of ibuprofen tablets brands sold in the formal and informal sectors in Cameroon. IJIAS 17: 284–290.
-
31.
Nnanga NE , Soppo LV , Dassaou Y , Nyangono NM , Benga MF , Ondoua SL , 2020. Quality assessment of analgesics paracetamol and ibuprofen for sale in the Douala City (Cameroon). Health Sci. Dis 21: 118–122.
-
32.
Nnanga NE , Tanga TR , Soppo LV , Ngobo EBL , Kojom LP , Tiekwe E , Adiogo D , Mpondo ME , Nkoa T , 2018. Évaluation de la stabilité du cotrimoxazole 240 mg / 5 ml suspension commercialisé dans les circuits formel et informel de la ville de Douala. Health Sci. Dis 19: 66–71.
-
33.
Nnanga NE , Tabi OYLT , Kidik PMC , Vandi D , Tsala DE , Sidjui L , Mpondo MEA , 2016. Evaluation de la qualité du cotrimoxazole 480mg comprimé générique vendu dans la ville de Douala (Cameroun). IJIAS 15: 926–935.
-
34.
Soppo LCV , Nnanga NE , Ze MJ , 2018. Evaluation de la Qualité de la Ceftriaxone dans le Circuit Formel de la Ville de Yaoundé. CaHReF, Yaoundé Congress Hall, 08. Available at: http://cahref.masante-cam.org/node/479. Accessed May 10, 2020.
-
35.
Djoko E , Ngamo G , Tekam JM , 2018. Quality control of imidazole anti parasitical drugs distributed in Bafoussam: albendazole, mebendazole and metronidazole. IJRIAR 2: 79–90.
-
36.
Nnanga NE , Owona MLJ , Etamé LG , Aba’a MD , Nnomo AK , Olinga MF , Arrey AH , Menyeng MAA , Mpondo ME , 2016. Evaluation qualitative des comprimés d’albendazole, de mebendazole et de praziquantel commercialisés dans la ville de Yaoundé. Health Sci Dis 17: 2–7.
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Poor-Quality Medicines in Cameroon: A Critical Review
Christelle Ange Waffo Tchounga
Christelle Ange Waffo Tchounga
University of Liege, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Liège, Belgium;
University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
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University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
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Pierre-Yves Sacré
Pierre-Yves Sacré
University of Liege, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Liège, Belgium;
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Patient Ciza Hamuli
Patient Ciza Hamuli
University of Liege, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Liège, Belgium;
University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
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University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
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Rose Ngono Mballa
Rose Ngono Mballa
University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments et Expertise, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments et Expertise, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Emmanuel Nnanga Nga
Emmanuel Nnanga Nga
University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
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Philippe Hubert
Philippe Hubert
University of Liege, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Liège, Belgium;
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Roland Marini Djang’eing’a
Roland Marini Djang’eing’a
University of Liege, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Liège, Belgium;
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ABSTRACT.
Poor-quality medicines are the cause of many public health and socioeconomic problems. We conducted a review to acquire an overview of the situation concerning such medicines in Cameroon. Different searches were performed on databases from several websites of the WHO, the Ministry of Public Health of Cameroon, the Anti-Counterfeit Medicine Research Institute, the Global Pharma Health Fund, and the Infectious Disease Data Observatory. We identified 92 publications comprised of 19 peer-reviewed studies and 73 alerts. Based on studies completed, 1,664 samples were analyzed, and the prevalence of substandard and falsified (SF) medicines could be estimated for 1,440 samples. A total of 67.5% of these samples were collected from the informal sector, 20.9% from the formal sector, and 11.6% from both sectors. We found a prevalence of SF medicines across the peer-reviewed studies of 26.9%, whereas most of the SF medicines belonged to the anti-infective class. The problem of SF medicines is not studied sufficiently in Cameroon; therefore, efforts should be made to conduct adequate studies in terms of representativity and methodology.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 1062 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: Research grants were received from the Academy of Research and Higher Education, Belgium, to C. A. W. T. and P. C. H.
Authors’ addresses: Christelle Ange Waffo Tchounga, University of Liege, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Liège, Belgium, and the University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé, Cameroon, E-mail: christellewaffo@yahoo.fr. Pierre-Yves Sacré, Philippe Hubert, and Roland Marini Djang’eing’a, University of Liege, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Liège, Belgium, E-mails: pysacre@uliege.be, ph.hubert@uliege.be, and rmarini@uliege.be. Patient Ciza Hamuli, University of Liege, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Liège, Belgium, and University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mail: cizapatient@yahoo.fr. Rose Ngono Mballa, University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé, Cameroon, and Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments et Expertise, Yaoundé, Cameroon, E-mail: princessrose@hotmail.fr. Emmanuel Nnanga Nga, University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé, Cameroon, E-mail: ngnnanga@yahoo.fr.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Distribution of publications by category and by year.
- Distribution of studies by therapeutic class and sample size.
- Distribution of samples according to sampling sector and sampling area.
- Prevalence of SF medicines.
- Analytical techniques.
- Pharmacopeias used and galenical forms studied.
- Methodological quality of studies.
- Sampling strategy and ethical aspects.
- Causes of noncompliance.
- Case reports.
- WHO, GPHF-Minilab, and MPHC alerts.
- IRACM notifications.
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hamilton WL , Doyle C , Halliwell-Ewen M , Lambert G , 2016. Public health interventions to protect against falsified medicines: A systematic review of international, national and local policies. Health Policy Plan 31: 1448–1466.
-
2.
Mackey TK , 2018. Prevalence of substandard and falsified essential medicines: still an incomplete picture. JAMA Netw Open 1: e181685.
-
3.
Kelesidis T , Kelesidis I , Rafailidis PI , Falagas ME , 2007. Substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs. Clin Microbiol Rev 60: 214–236.
-
4.
Newton PN , Green MD , Fernández FM , Day NPJ , White NJ , 2006. Counterfeit anti-infective drugs. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 602–613.
-
5.
Delepierre A , Gayot A , Carpentier A , 2012. Update on counterfeit antibiotics worldwide: public health risks. Med Mal Infect 42: 247–255.
-
6.
World Health Organization , 2017. A Study on the Public Health and Socioeconomic Impact of Substandard and Falsified Medical Products. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
7.
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé , 2017. Dans les Pays en Développement, 1 Médicament sur 10 Est de Qualité Inférieure ou Falsifié. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/substandard-falsified-products/fr/.Accessed September 7, 2020.
-
8.
Heyman ML , Williams RL , 2011. Ensuring global access to quality medicines: role of the US pharmacopeia. J Pharm Sci 100: 1280–1287.
-
9.
Newton PN et al.2009. Guidelines and guidance guidelines for field surveys of the quality of medicines: a proposal. PLoS Med 6: e1000052.
-
10.
Almuzaini T , Choonara I , Sammons H , 2013. Substandard and counterfeit medicines: a systematic review of the literature. BMJ Open 3: e002923.
-
11.
Newton PN , Fernández FM , Green MD , Primo-Carpenter J , White NJ , Sosa A , Byarugaba D , Amábile-Cuevas C , Hsueh PR , Kariuki S & Okeke I Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries. New York, NY: Springer, 413–443
-
12.
Koczwara A , Dressman J , 2017. Poor-quality and counterfeit drugs: a systematic assessment of prevalence and risks based on data published from 2007 to 2016. J Pharm Sci 106: 2921–2929.
-
13.
World Health Organization , 2021. COVID-19 Dashboard. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed October 05, 2020.
-
14.
World Health Organization , 2020. Full List of WHO Medical Product Alerts. Available at: https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/drugalerts/en/. Accessed April 16, 2020.
-
15.
Direction de la Pharmacie et du Médicament Ministère de la Santé Publique, Cameroun 2008. Cartographie et Évaluation Approfondie des Systemes d’Approvisionnement et de Distribution des Médicaments et Autres Produits de Santé au Cameroun. Available at: http://digicollection.org/hss/documents/s17824fr/s17824fr.pdf. Accessed April 21, 2020.
-
16.
Ministère de la Santé Publique du Cameroun , 2013. Politique Pharmaceutique Nationale, 2–43. Available at: https://dpml.cm/images/Actualite/2021/Politique-pharmaceutique-nationale-Cameroun_PPN.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2021.
-
17.
Fahad A , Alghannam A , Aslanpour Z , Evans S , Schifano F , 2014. A systematic review of counterfeit and substandard medicines in field quality survey. Integr Pharm Res Pract 3: 71–88.
-
18.
Fernandez FM , Green MD , Newton PN , 2008. Prevalence and detection of counterfeit pharmaceuticals: a mini review. Eng. Chem. Res 47: 585–590.
-
19.
Ozawa S et al.2018. Prevalence and estimated economic burden of substandard and falsified medicines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 1: e181662.
-
20.
Johnston A , Holt DW , 2014. Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health. Br J Clin Pharmacol 78: 218–243.
-
21.
Nayyar GML , Breman JG , Newton PN , Herrington J , 2012. Poor-quality antimalarial drugs in southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 488–496.
-
22.
Health Sciences and Diseases , 2021. The Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. Available at: https://www.hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hsd. Accessed March 17, 2021.
-
23.
Infectious Diseases Data Observatory , 2021. Medicine Quality Scientific Literature Surveyor. Available at: https://www.iddo.org/mq-scientific-literature-surveyor. Accessed September 9, 2020.
-
24.
World Health Organization , 2007. Survey of the Quality of Antiretroviral Medicines Circulating in Selected African Countries. Available at: https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/ARV_survey.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2020.
-
25.
Djobet MP , Singhe D , Lohoue J , Kuaban C , Ngogang J , Tambo E , 2017. Antiretroviral therapy supply chain quality control and assurance in improving people living with HIV therapeutic outcomes in Cameroon. AIDS Res Ther 14: 1–8.
-
26.
World Health Organization , 2011. Survey of the Quality of Selected Antimalarial Medicines Circulating in Six Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_QAMSA_report.pdf. Accessed April 25, 2020.
-
27.
Nnanga NE , Eboumbou MEC , Ngene JP , Ewoudou MER , Mpondo ME , 2015. Evaluation pharmacotechnique des molécules antipaludiques du marché légal et du marché illicite à Yaoundé : cas de l’arteméther–luméfantrine 20/120. Health Sci. Dis 16: 1–5.
-
28.
Basco LK , 2004. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XIX. Quality of antimalarial drugs used for self-medication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 245–250.
-
29.
Sawadogo CW , Amood Al-Kamarany M , Al-Mekhlafi HM , Elkarbane M , Al-Adhroey AH , Cherrah Y , Bouklouze A , 2011. Quality of chloroquine tablets available in Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 105: 447–453.
-
30.
Nnanga NE , Tamdem GS , Manga MR , Sidjui LS , Mpondo MEA , 2016. Pharmaceutical control of ibuprofen tablets brands sold in the formal and informal sectors in Cameroon. IJIAS 17: 284–290.
-
31.
Nnanga NE , Soppo LV , Dassaou Y , Nyangono NM , Benga MF , Ondoua SL , 2020. Quality assessment of analgesics paracetamol and ibuprofen for sale in the Douala City (Cameroon). Health Sci. Dis 21: 118–122.
-
32.
Nnanga NE , Tanga TR , Soppo LV , Ngobo EBL , Kojom LP , Tiekwe E , Adiogo D , Mpondo ME , Nkoa T , 2018. Évaluation de la stabilité du cotrimoxazole 240 mg / 5 ml suspension commercialisé dans les circuits formel et informel de la ville de Douala. Health Sci. Dis 19: 66–71.
-
33.
Nnanga NE , Tabi OYLT , Kidik PMC , Vandi D , Tsala DE , Sidjui L , Mpondo MEA , 2016. Evaluation de la qualité du cotrimoxazole 480mg comprimé générique vendu dans la ville de Douala (Cameroun). IJIAS 15: 926–935.
-
34.
Soppo LCV , Nnanga NE , Ze MJ , 2018. Evaluation de la Qualité de la Ceftriaxone dans le Circuit Formel de la Ville de Yaoundé. CaHReF, Yaoundé Congress Hall, 08. Available at: http://cahref.masante-cam.org/node/479. Accessed May 10, 2020.
-
35.
Djoko E , Ngamo G , Tekam JM , 2018. Quality control of imidazole anti parasitical drugs distributed in Bafoussam: albendazole, mebendazole and metronidazole. IJRIAR 2: 79–90.
-
36.
Nnanga NE , Owona MLJ , Etamé LG , Aba’a MD , Nnomo AK , Olinga MF , Arrey AH , Menyeng MAA , Mpondo ME , 2016. Evaluation qualitative des comprimés d’albendazole, de mebendazole et de praziquantel commercialisés dans la ville de Yaoundé. Health Sci Dis 17: 2–7.
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