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Health Status of Asylum Seekers, Spain
Núria Serre-Delcor
Núria Serre-Delcor
Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d’Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain;
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Carlos Ascaso
Carlos Ascaso
Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Institut de Investigacions biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain;
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Antoni Soriano-Arandes
Antoni Soriano-Arandes
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, PROSICS, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain;
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Francisco Collazos-Sanchez
Francisco Collazos-Sanchez
Department of Psychiatric, PROSICS, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, CIBERSAM, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
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Begoña Treviño-Maruri
Begoña Treviño-Maruri
Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d’Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain;
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Elena Sulleiro
Elena Sulleiro
Department of Microbiology, PROSICS, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain;
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Diana Pou-Ciruelo
Diana Pou-Ciruelo
Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d’Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain;
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Cristina Bocanegra-Garcia
Cristina Bocanegra-Garcia
Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d’Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain;
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Israel Molina-Romero
Israel Molina-Romero
Department of Infectious Diseases, PROSICS, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
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The rising rate of conflicts and the unsafe situation caused by reasons of ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, political opinion, or nationality entail an increase in the number of migratory movements. The goal of this article is to describe the health status of asylum seekers visited in an international health center. We conducted a retrospective study of the asylum seekers visited between July 2013 and June 2016. A total of 303 cases were included. The median age was 28.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 21–35), and 203 (67.0%) were men. Of the total, 128 cases (42.2%) were from Asia, 82 (27.1%) from Eastern Europe, 42 (13.9%) from sub-Saharan Africa, 34 (11.2%) from America, and 17 (5.6%) from Maghreb. The majority, 287 (94.7%), were asymptomatic. Seventy of the 303 (23.1%) cases were diagnosed with at least one infection, this being more prevalent in men; migrants from sub-Saharan Africa; and in those who took a land-maritime migratory route. Eight of the 303 (2.6%) cases were referred to the transcultural psychiatric department. Two important challenges of the study were the communication barriers and the legal or social situation that condition the psychological symptoms. In 48 of the 303 (15.8%) cases, there was diagnosed a noncommunicable diseases. The process of care was completed by 82.5%; although 21.9% completed the vaccination for hepatitis B. The asylum seekers in this study were in general healthy young men, although special attention was given to infectious diseases with certain geoepidemiological backgrounds. Unstable living arrangements, linguistic, and cultural barriers could account for the failure of the course of care.
Author Notes
Financial support: All the work has been done without any funding or sponsor support which could constitute a conflict of interest.
Authors’ addresses: Nuria Serre-Delcor, Begoña Treviño-Maruri, Diana Pou-Ciruelo, and Cristina Bocanegra-Garcia, Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d’Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain, E-mails: n.serre@vhebron.net, mtrevino@vhebron.net, d.pou@vhebron.net, and cristinabocanegra@gmail.com. Carlos Ascaso, Department of Fontanets Clinics, Institut de Investigacions biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain, E-mail: carlosascaso@ub.edu. Antonio Soriano-Arandes, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Institut Catala de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain, E-mail: asoriano@vhebron.net. Francisco Collazos-Sanchez, Department of Psychiatric, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain, E-mail: fcollazo@vhebron.net. Elena Sulleiro, Departement of Microbiology, PROSICS, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain, E-mail: esulleir@vhebron.net. Israel Molina-Romero, Department of Infectious diseases, PROSICS, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain, E-mail: imolina@vhebron.net.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
UNHCR, 2015. Tendencias Globales. Desplazamiento forzado en 2015. Available at: http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/Publicaciones/2016/10627.pdf. Accessed May 30, 2017.
-
2.
EUROSTAT, 2016. Asylum Statistics 2016. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics. Accessed May 30, 2017.
-
3.
CEAR, 2016. Informe 2016. Las personas refugiadas en España y Europa. Available at: http://www.cear.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Informe_CEAR_2016.pdf. Accessed May 30, 2017.
-
4.
National Geographic, 2015. The World’s Congested Human Migration Routes in 5 Maps. Available at: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150919-data-points-refugees-migrants-maps-human-migrations-syria-world/. Accessed May 30, 2017.
-
5.
Stauffer WM, Weinberg M, 2009. Emerging clinical issues in refugees. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22: 436–442.
-
6.
ECDC, 2015. TB in Vulnerable Populations. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/diseaseprogrammes/programme_tuberculosis/Pages/tuberculosis_vulnerable_populations.aspx. Accessed May 30, 2017.
-
7.
Lifson AR, Thai D, O’Fallon A, Mills WA, Hang K, 2002. Prevalence of Tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus and intestinal parasitic infections among refugees in Minnesota. Public Health Rep 117: 69–77.
-
8.
Bocanegra C, Salvador F, Sulleiro E, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Pahissa A, Molina I, 2014. Screening for imported diseases in an immigrant population: experience from a teaching hospital in Barcelona, Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 1277–1281.
-
9.
Monge-Maillo B, López-Vélez R, Norman FF, Ferrer-González F, Martínez-Pérez Á, Pérez-Molina JA, 2015. Screening for imported infectious diseases among asymptomatic Sub-Saharan African and Latin American immigrants: a public health challenge. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 848–856.
-
10.
Serre-Delcor N, Maruri BT, Arandes AS, Guiu IC, Essadik HO, Soley ME, Molina Romero I, Ascaso C, 2016. Infectious diseases in Sub-Saharan immigrants to Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 750–756.
-
11.
Lindert J, Carta MG, Shäfer I, Mollica RF, 2016. Regugees mental health-A public mental health challenge. Eur J Public Health 26: 374–375.
-
12.
Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J, 2005. Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 365: 1309–1314.
-
13.
Goosen S, Stronks K, Kunst AE, 2014. Frequent relocations between asylum-applicant centres are associated with mental distress in asylum-seeking children: a longitudinal medical record study. Int J Epidemiol 43: 94–104.
-
14.
Führer A, Eichner F, Stang A, 2016. Morbidity of asylum applicants in a medium-sized German city. Eur J Epidemiol 31: 703–706.
-
15.
Pfortmueller CA, Schwetlick M, Mueller T, Lehmann B, Exadaktylos AK, 2016. Adult asylum applicants from the Middle East including Syria in central Europe: what are their health care problems. PLoS One 11: e0148196.
-
16.
Pérez-Molina JA, Álvarez-Martínez MJ, Molina I, 2016. Medical care for refugees: a question of ethics and public health. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 34: 79–82.
-
17.
ECDC, 2015. Infectious Diseases of Specific Relevance to Newly Arrived Migrants in the EU/EEA. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/_layouts/forms/Publication_DispForm.aspx?List=4f55ad51-4aed-4d32-b960-af70113dbb90&ID=1405. Accessed May 30, 2017.
-
18.
Ministerio del Interior de España, 2013. Constitución Española del 27 de diciembre de 1978. Available at: http://www.interior.gob.es/web/servicios-al-ciudadano/normativa/constitucion-espanola-de-1978#artículo 13.4. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
19.
Generalitat de Catalunya, 2015. CatSalut, Instrucció 08/2015. Accés a l’assistència sanitària de cobertura pública del CatSalut als ciutadans estrangers empadronats a Catalunya que no tenen la condició d’assegurats o beneficiaris del Sistema Nacional de Salut. Availablet at: https://scientiasalut.gencat.cat/bitstream/handle/11351/1656/catsalut_instruccio_08_2015.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
20.
CDC, 2014. Screening for Hepatitis during the Domestic Medical Examination. Availablet at: https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic/hepatitis-screening-guidelines.html. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
21.
GOV.UK, 2014. Communicable Diseases: Migrant Health Guide. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/communicable-diseases-migrant-health-guide. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
22.
Amnistia Internacional, 2016. Los Refugiados Sufren Agresiones Físicas, Explotación, y Acoso Sexual al Atravesar Europa. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/01/female-refugees-face-physical-assault-exploitation-and-sexual-harassment-on-their-journey-through-europe/. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
23.
WHO, 2016. Estimate TB Incidence Rates, 2015. Availablet at: http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/Files/Maps/Global_TBincidence_2015.png. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
24.
CDC, 2012. Guidelines for Screening for Tuberculosis Infection and Disease during Domestic Medical Examination for Newly Arrived Refugees. Availablet at: https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic/tuberculosis-guidelines.html. Accessed July 18, 2017.
-
25.
WHO, 2015. Proportion of Children (1–14 Years of Age) in the Country Requiring Preventive Chemotherapy for Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases, Worldwide, 2014. Available at: http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/Files/Maps/STH_2014.png?ua=1. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
26.
WHO, 2017. Schistosomiasis, Country Maps. Available at: http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/global_atlas_maps/en/. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
27.
WHO, 2016. Malaria, Country profiles 2016. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/en/#S. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
28.
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-
29.
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-
30.
WHO, 2017. Bacille Calmette Guérin Vaccine. Available at: http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tscoveragebcg.html. Accessed July 31, 2017.
-
31.
Storgaard L, Rodrigues A, Martins C, Nielsen BU, Ravn H, Benn CS, Aaby P, Fisker AB, 2015. Development of BCG scar and subsequent morbidity and mortality in rural Guinea-Bissau. Clin Infect Dis 61: 950–959.
-
32.
Domínguez J, Latorre I, 2015. Aplicación y utilidad actual de las técnicas de interferon-gamma en el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 33: 15–19.
-
33.
WHO, 2015. New WHO Recommendations on use of Commercial TB Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/features_archive/igra_policy24oct/en/. Accessed May 30, 2017.
-
34.
Martínez-Lacasa X, Font R, Gonzalez S, Sallent S, Jaenc A, Lite J, Cuchi E, 2015. Utilidad del quantiferon-TB gold in tube® en el cribado de la infección latente tuberculosa en personal sanitario. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 33: 525–531.
-
35.
Winje BA, Oftung F, Korsvold GE, Mannasaker T, Jeppesen AS, Harstad I, Heier BT, Heldal E, 2008. Screening for tuberculosis infections among newly arrived asylum seekers: comparison of QuantiFERON®TB Gold with tuberculin skin test. BMC Infect Dis 8: 65.
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