- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study sites.
- History of LLIN distribution policy in Nigeria pertaining to the study.
- Mapping of LF.
- Longitudinal surveillance of LF in 12 sentinel villages: monthly anopheline entomology.
- Longitudinal surveillance of LF in the 12 sentinel villages: annual human microfilaremia prevalence determinations.
- Distribution of long-lasting LLINs.
- Determining the change in household LLIN coverage in LGAs.
- Data analysis.
- Ethical approval.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Twum-Danso NA, 2003. Loa loa encephalopathy temporally related to ivermectin administration reported from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs from 1989 to 2001: implications for the future (review). Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1): S7.
-
2.
Brown MJ, 2003. Report of a scientific working group on serious adverse events following Mectizan® treatment of onchocerciasis in Loa loa endemic areas 28–30 May 2002. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1): S2.
-
3.
Addiss D, Rheingans R, Twum-Danso NAY, Richards F, 2003. A framework for decision-making for mass distribution of Mectizan® in areas endemic for Loa loa. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1): S9–S18.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2011. Meeting of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication (on elimination of LF and onchocerciasis in Africa), April 2011. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 341–351.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2011. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 377–388.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2012. Provisional Strategy for Interrupting Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission in Loiasis-Endemic Countries. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75139/3/WHO_HTM_NTD_PCT_2012.6_eng.pdf.
-
7.
Malecela-Larazo M, Twum-Danso N, 2004. The lymphatic filariasis (LF) research forum: towards developing a strategic plan for research to support the global program to eliminate LF (GPELF): program implementation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 16–19.
-
8.
Ottesen EA, 2006. Lymphatic filariasis: treatment, control and elimination. Adv Parasitol 61: 395–441.
-
9.
Zouré HG, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, Remme JH, 2011. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1210.
-
10.
Gyapong JO, Kumaraswami V, Biswas G, Ottesen EA, 2005. Treatment strategies underpinning the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 6: 179–200.
-
11.
Gyapong JO, Twum-Danso NA, 2006. Editorial: global elimination of lymphatic filariasis: fact or fantasy? Trop Med Int Health 11: 125–128.
-
12.
Kyelem D, Biswas G, Bockarie MJ, Bradley MH, El-Setouhy M, Fischer PU, Henderson RH, Kazura JW, Lammie PJ, Njenga SM, Ottesen EA, Ramaiah KD, Richards FO, Weil GJ, Williams SA, 2008. Determinants of success in national programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a perspective identifying essential elements and research needs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 480–484.
-
13.
Alleman MM, Twum-Danso NA, Thylefors BI, 2006. The Mectizan® Donation Program: highlights from 2005. Filaria J 5: 11.
-
14.
Pedersen EM, Stolk WA, Laney SJ, Michael E, 2009. The role of monitoring mosquito infection in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trends Parasitol 25: 319–327.
-
15.
Bockarie MJ, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E, 2009. Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Annu Rev Entomol 54: 469–487.
-
16.
Pichon G, 2002. Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against Anopheles-transmitted filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 2): S143–S152.
-
17.
World Health Organization, 2011. WHO position statement on integrated vector management to control malaria and lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 121–127.
-
18.
Emukah EC, Osuoha E, Miri ES, Onyenama J, Amazigo U, Obijuru C, Osuji N, Ekeanyanwu J, Amadiegwu S, Korve K, Richards F, 2004. A longitudinal study of impact of repeated mass ivermectin treatment on clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis in Imo State, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 556–561.
-
19.
Gutman J, Emukah E, Okpala N, Okoro C, Obasi A, Miri ES, Richards FO Jr, 2010. Effects of annual mass treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis on the prevalence of intestinal helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 534–541.
-
20.
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N, 1997. The ICT Filariasis Test: a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today 13: 401–404.
-
21.
Weil GJ, Ramzy RM, 2007. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol 23: 78–82.
-
22.
World Health Organization, 2000. Operational Guidelines for Rapid Mapping of Bancroftian Filariasis in Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
23.
Richards FO Jr, Pam DD, Kal A, Gerlong GY, Onyeka J, Sambo Y, Danboyi J, Ibrahim B, Terranella A, Kumbak D, Dakul A, Lenhart A, Rakers L, Umaru J, Amadiegwu S, Withers PC Jr, Mafuyai H, Jinadu MY, Miri ES, Eigege A, 2005. Significant decrease in the prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in anopheline mosquitoes following the addition of albendazole to annual, ivermectin-based, mass treatments in Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99: 155–164.
-
24.
Richards FO, Eigege A, Miri ES, Kal A, Umaru J, Pam D, Rakers LJ, Sambo Y, Danboyi J, Ibrahim B, Adelamo SE, Ogah G, Goshit D, Oyenekan OK, Mathieu E, Withers PC, Saka YA, Jiya J, Hopkins DR, 2011. Epidemiological and entomological evaluations after six years or more of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination in Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1346.
-
25.
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, Ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 121–127.
-
26.
Duerr HP, Dietz K, Eichner M, 2005. Determinants of the eradicability of filarial infections: a conceptual approach. Trends Parasitol 21: 88–96.
-
27.
Michael E, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Simonsen PE, Pedersen EM, Barker G, Kumar A, Kazura JW, 2004. Mathematical modelling and the control of lymphatic filariasis. Lancet Infect Dis 4: 223–234.
-
28.
World Health Organization, 2005. Sixth meeting of the Technical Advisory Group on the Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis, Geneva, Switzerland, 20–23 September 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 80: 401–408.
-
29.
World Health Organization, 2004. Report on the mid-term assessment of microfilaraemia reduction in sentinel sites of 13 countries of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79: 358–365.
-
30.
Baume CA, Marin MC, 2007. Intra-household mosquito net use in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zambia: Are nets being used? Who in the household uses them? Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 963–971.
-
31.
Tsuang A, Lines J, Hanson K, 2010. Which family members use the best nets? An analysis of the condition of mosquito nets and their distribution within households in Tanzania. Malar J 9: 211.
-
32.
World Health Organization, 2011. World Malaria Report 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization, (WHO/HTM/GMP/2011.1). Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2012. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2011. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 87: 346–356.
-
34.
World Health Organization, 2011. Progress Report 2000–2009 and Strategic Plan 2010–2020 of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 699 | 631 | 106 |
| Full Text Views | 474 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 129 | 9 | 1 |
Community-Wide Distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Can Halt Transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis in Southeastern Nigeria
Frank O. Richards
Frank O. Richards
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Emmanuel Emukah
Emmanuel Emukah
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Patricia M. Graves
Patricia M. Graves
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Omeni Nkwocha
Omeni Nkwocha
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Lawrence Nwankwo
Lawrence Nwankwo
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Lindsay Rakers
Lindsay Rakers
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Aryc Mosher
Aryc Mosher
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Amy Patterson
Amy Patterson
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Masayo Ozaki
Masayo Ozaki
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Bertram E. B. Nwoke
Bertram E. B. Nwoke
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Chinyere N. Ukaga
Chinyere N. Ukaga
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Chidiebere Njoku
Chidiebere Njoku
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Kenrick Nwodu
Kenrick Nwodu
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Andrew Obasi
Andrew Obasi
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Emmanuel S. Miri
Emmanuel S. Miri
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria; Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Nigeria; Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria
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Lymphatic filariasis (LF) in rural southeastern Nigeria is transmitted mainly by Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Potential coinfection with Loa loa in this area has prevented use of ivermectin in the mass drug administration (MDA) strategy for LF elimination because of potential severe adverse L. loa-related reactions. This study determined if long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution programs for malaria would interrupt LF transmission in such areas, without need for MDA. Monthly entomologic monitoring was conducted in sentinel villages before and after LLIN distribution to all households and all age groups (full coverage) in two districts, and to pregnant women and children less than five years of age in the other two districts. No change in human LF microfilaremia prevalence was observed, but mosquito studies showed a statistically significant decrease in LF infection and infectivity with full-coverage LLIN distribution. We conclude that LF transmission can be halted in southeastern Nigeria by full-coverage LLIN distribution, without MDA.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. A generous donation by Vestergaard Frandsen of 15,000 PermaNets® enabled us to quickly convert the vulnerable group arm to full LLIN coverage in the sentinel villages of Ohaukwu LGA in Ebonyi State in 2010.
Authors' addresses: Frank O. Richards, Patricia M. Graves, Lindsay Rakers, Aryc Mosher, Amy Patterson, and Masayo Ozaki, Malaria, River Blindness, Lymphatic Filariasis, and Schistosomiasis Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: frich01@emory.edu, pgraves.work@gmail.com, lrakers@emory.edu, awmoshe@emory.edu, aepatte@emory.edu, and masayo.ozaki@gmail.com. Emmanuel Emukah, Chidiebere Njoku, Kenrick Nwodu, and Andrew Obasi, The Carter Center, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, E-mails: emukahe@yahoo.com, feb4real@yahoo.com, kenrome@yahoo.com, and andyobasi2@yahoo.com. Omeni Nkwocha, Ministry of Health, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, E-mail: occnten@yahoo.com. Lawrence Nwankwo, Ministry of Health, Ebonyi, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, E-mail: eb4rbm@yahoo.com. Bertram E. B. Nwoke and Chinyere N. Ukaga, Imo State University, PMB 2000, Owerri, Nigeria, E-mails: bebndie@yahoo.com and chinyukaga@yahoo.com. Emmanuel S. Miri, The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria, E-mail: emmamiri@yahoo.com.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study sites.
- History of LLIN distribution policy in Nigeria pertaining to the study.
- Mapping of LF.
- Longitudinal surveillance of LF in 12 sentinel villages: monthly anopheline entomology.
- Longitudinal surveillance of LF in the 12 sentinel villages: annual human microfilaremia prevalence determinations.
- Distribution of long-lasting LLINs.
- Determining the change in household LLIN coverage in LGAs.
- Data analysis.
- Ethical approval.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Twum-Danso NA, 2003. Loa loa encephalopathy temporally related to ivermectin administration reported from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs from 1989 to 2001: implications for the future (review). Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1): S7.
-
2.
Brown MJ, 2003. Report of a scientific working group on serious adverse events following Mectizan® treatment of onchocerciasis in Loa loa endemic areas 28–30 May 2002. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1): S2.
-
3.
Addiss D, Rheingans R, Twum-Danso NAY, Richards F, 2003. A framework for decision-making for mass distribution of Mectizan® in areas endemic for Loa loa. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1): S9–S18.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2011. Meeting of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication (on elimination of LF and onchocerciasis in Africa), April 2011. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 341–351.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2011. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 377–388.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2012. Provisional Strategy for Interrupting Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission in Loiasis-Endemic Countries. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75139/3/WHO_HTM_NTD_PCT_2012.6_eng.pdf.
-
7.
Malecela-Larazo M, Twum-Danso N, 2004. The lymphatic filariasis (LF) research forum: towards developing a strategic plan for research to support the global program to eliminate LF (GPELF): program implementation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 16–19.
-
8.
Ottesen EA, 2006. Lymphatic filariasis: treatment, control and elimination. Adv Parasitol 61: 395–441.
-
9.
Zouré HG, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, Remme JH, 2011. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1210.
-
10.
Gyapong JO, Kumaraswami V, Biswas G, Ottesen EA, 2005. Treatment strategies underpinning the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 6: 179–200.
-
11.
Gyapong JO, Twum-Danso NA, 2006. Editorial: global elimination of lymphatic filariasis: fact or fantasy? Trop Med Int Health 11: 125–128.
-
12.
Kyelem D, Biswas G, Bockarie MJ, Bradley MH, El-Setouhy M, Fischer PU, Henderson RH, Kazura JW, Lammie PJ, Njenga SM, Ottesen EA, Ramaiah KD, Richards FO, Weil GJ, Williams SA, 2008. Determinants of success in national programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a perspective identifying essential elements and research needs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 480–484.
-
13.
Alleman MM, Twum-Danso NA, Thylefors BI, 2006. The Mectizan® Donation Program: highlights from 2005. Filaria J 5: 11.
-
14.
Pedersen EM, Stolk WA, Laney SJ, Michael E, 2009. The role of monitoring mosquito infection in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trends Parasitol 25: 319–327.
-
15.
Bockarie MJ, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E, 2009. Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Annu Rev Entomol 54: 469–487.
-
16.
Pichon G, 2002. Limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against Anopheles-transmitted filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 2): S143–S152.
-
17.
World Health Organization, 2011. WHO position statement on integrated vector management to control malaria and lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 121–127.
-
18.
Emukah EC, Osuoha E, Miri ES, Onyenama J, Amazigo U, Obijuru C, Osuji N, Ekeanyanwu J, Amadiegwu S, Korve K, Richards F, 2004. A longitudinal study of impact of repeated mass ivermectin treatment on clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis in Imo State, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 556–561.
-
19.
Gutman J, Emukah E, Okpala N, Okoro C, Obasi A, Miri ES, Richards FO Jr, 2010. Effects of annual mass treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis on the prevalence of intestinal helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 534–541.
-
20.
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N, 1997. The ICT Filariasis Test: a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today 13: 401–404.
-
21.
Weil GJ, Ramzy RM, 2007. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol 23: 78–82.
-
22.
World Health Organization, 2000. Operational Guidelines for Rapid Mapping of Bancroftian Filariasis in Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
23.
Richards FO Jr, Pam DD, Kal A, Gerlong GY, Onyeka J, Sambo Y, Danboyi J, Ibrahim B, Terranella A, Kumbak D, Dakul A, Lenhart A, Rakers L, Umaru J, Amadiegwu S, Withers PC Jr, Mafuyai H, Jinadu MY, Miri ES, Eigege A, 2005. Significant decrease in the prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in anopheline mosquitoes following the addition of albendazole to annual, ivermectin-based, mass treatments in Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99: 155–164.
-
24.
Richards FO, Eigege A, Miri ES, Kal A, Umaru J, Pam D, Rakers LJ, Sambo Y, Danboyi J, Ibrahim B, Adelamo SE, Ogah G, Goshit D, Oyenekan OK, Mathieu E, Withers PC, Saka YA, Jiya J, Hopkins DR, 2011. Epidemiological and entomological evaluations after six years or more of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination in Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1346.
-
25.
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, Ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 121–127.
-
26.
Duerr HP, Dietz K, Eichner M, 2005. Determinants of the eradicability of filarial infections: a conceptual approach. Trends Parasitol 21: 88–96.
-
27.
Michael E, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Simonsen PE, Pedersen EM, Barker G, Kumar A, Kazura JW, 2004. Mathematical modelling and the control of lymphatic filariasis. Lancet Infect Dis 4: 223–234.
-
28.
World Health Organization, 2005. Sixth meeting of the Technical Advisory Group on the Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis, Geneva, Switzerland, 20–23 September 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 80: 401–408.
-
29.
World Health Organization, 2004. Report on the mid-term assessment of microfilaraemia reduction in sentinel sites of 13 countries of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79: 358–365.
-
30.
Baume CA, Marin MC, 2007. Intra-household mosquito net use in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zambia: Are nets being used? Who in the household uses them? Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 963–971.
-
31.
Tsuang A, Lines J, Hanson K, 2010. Which family members use the best nets? An analysis of the condition of mosquito nets and their distribution within households in Tanzania. Malar J 9: 211.
-
32.
World Health Organization, 2011. World Malaria Report 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization, (WHO/HTM/GMP/2011.1). Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2012. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report 2011. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 87: 346–356.
-
34.
World Health Organization, 2011. Progress Report 2000–2009 and Strategic Plan 2010–2020 of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 699 | 631 | 106 |
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| PDF Downloads | 129 | 9 | 1 |