ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Oyer RJ, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, 2014. West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. Handb Clin Neurol 123: 433–447.
-
2.
Tsai TF, Mitchell CJ, 1988. St. Louis encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 113–143.
-
3.
Reisen WK, 2003. Epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Adv Virus Res 61: 139–183.
-
4.
Davis LE, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, 2008. North American encephalitic arboviruses. Neurol Clin 26: 727–757.
-
5.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
6.
Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2014. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics 134: 642–650.
-
7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Arboviral Diseases, Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive: 2015 Case Definition. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/st-louis-encephalitis-virus-disease/case-definition/2015/. Accessed January 11, 2018.
-
8.
United States Census Bureau, 2017. State Population Totals. Available at: www.census.gov. Accessed January 11, 2018.
-
9.
Monath TP, 1980. Epidemiology. Monath TP, ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 239–312.
-
10.
Creech WB, 1977. St. Louis encephalitis in the United States, 1975. J Infect Dis 135: 1014–1016.
-
11.
Day JF, Stark LM, 2000. Frequency of Saint Louis encephalitis virus in humans from Florida, USA: 1990–1999. J Med Entomol 37: 626–633.
-
12.
Marfin AA, Bleed DM, Lofgren JP, Olin AC, Savage HM, Smith GC, Moore PS, Karabatsos N, Tsai TF, 1993. Epidemiologic aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Jefferson County Arkansas, 1991. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 30–37.
-
13.
Jones SC, Morris J, Hill G, Alderman M, Ratard RC, 2002. St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Louisiana in 2001. J La State Med Soc 154: 303–306.
-
14.
Burakoff A, Lehman J, Fischer M, Staples JE, Lindsey NP, 2018. West Nile virus and other nationally notifiable arboviral diseases—United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 13–17.
-
15.
White GS, Symmes K, Sun P, Fang Y, Garcia S, Steiner C, Smith K, Reisen WK, Coffey LL, 2016. Reemergence of St. Louis encephalitis virus, California, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 2185–2188.
-
16.
Venkat H et al. 2015. Concurrent outbreaks of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus disease—Arizona, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64: 1349–1350.
-
17.
Venkat H et al. 2017. St. Louis encephalitis virus possibly transmitted through blood transfusion—Arizona, 2015. Transfusion 57: 2987–2994.
-
18.
Pealer LN et al. 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 349: 1236–1245.
-
19.
Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, 2010. Surveillance for human West Nile virus disease—United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 59: 1–17.
-
20.
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Martinez VM, Fang Y, Green EN, 2003. Experimental infection of California birds with western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. J Med Entomol 40: 968–982.
-
21.
Reeves WC, 1990. Clinical and subclinical disease in man. Reeves WC, ed. Epidemiology and Control of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in California, 1943–1987. Sacramento, CA: California Mosquito Vector Control Association, 1–25.
-
22.
Reeves WC, Hammon WM, 1962. Epidemiology of the arthropod-borne viral encephalitides in Kern County, California, 1943–1952. Publ Public Health Univ Calif 4: 1–257.
-
23.
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, 1997. Prevalence of antibodies to western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in residents of California exposed to sporadic and consistent enzootic transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57: 526–529.
-
24.
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Lothrup HD, Presser SB, Hardy JL, 1996. Prevalence of antibodies to mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses in residents of the Coachella Valley, California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 667–671.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 469 | 395 | 97 |
| Full Text Views | 560 | 20 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 251 | 19 | 0 |
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Disease in the United States, 2003–2017
Emily J. Curren
Emily J. Curren
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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PubMed
Nicole P. Lindsey
Nicole P. Lindsey
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Marc Fischer
Marc Fischer
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Susan L. Hills
Susan L. Hills
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), an arthropod-borne flavivirus, can cause disease presentations ranging from mild febrile illness through severe encephalitis. We reviewed U.S. national SLEV surveillance data for 2003 through 2017, including human disease cases and nonhuman infections. Over the 15-year period, 198 counties from 33 states and the District of Columbia reported SLEV activity; 94 (47%) of those counties reported SLEV activity only in nonhuman species. A total of 193 human cases of SLEV disease were reported, including 148 cases of neuroinvasive disease. A median of 10 cases were reported per year. The national average annual incidence of reported neuroinvasive disease cases was 0.03 per million. States with the highest average annual incidence of reported neuroinvasive disease cases were Arkansas, Arizona, and Mississippi. No large outbreaks occurred during the reporting period. The most commonly reported clinical syndromes were encephalitis (N = 116, 60%), febrile illness (N = 35, 18%), and meningitis (N = 25, 13%). Median age of cases was 57 years (range 2–89 years). The case fatality rate was 6% (11/193) and all deaths were among patients aged > 45 years with neuroinvasive disease. Nonhuman surveillance data indicated wider SLEV activity in California, Nevada, and Florida than the human data alone suggested. Prevention depends on community efforts to reduce mosquito populations and personal protective measures to decrease exposure to mosquitoes.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Emily J. Curren, Nicole P. Lindsey, Marc Fischer, and Susan L. Hills, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: ecurren@cdc.gov, nplindsey@cdc.gov, mfischer@cdc.gov, and shills@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Oyer RJ, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, 2014. West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. Handb Clin Neurol 123: 433–447.
-
2.
Tsai TF, Mitchell CJ, 1988. St. Louis encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 113–143.
-
3.
Reisen WK, 2003. Epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Adv Virus Res 61: 139–183.
-
4.
Davis LE, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, 2008. North American encephalitic arboviruses. Neurol Clin 26: 727–757.
-
5.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
6.
Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, Staples JE, Fischer M, 2014. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics 134: 642–650.
-
7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Arboviral Diseases, Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive: 2015 Case Definition. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/st-louis-encephalitis-virus-disease/case-definition/2015/. Accessed January 11, 2018.
-
8.
United States Census Bureau, 2017. State Population Totals. Available at: www.census.gov. Accessed January 11, 2018.
-
9.
Monath TP, 1980. Epidemiology. Monath TP, ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 239–312.
-
10.
Creech WB, 1977. St. Louis encephalitis in the United States, 1975. J Infect Dis 135: 1014–1016.
-
11.
Day JF, Stark LM, 2000. Frequency of Saint Louis encephalitis virus in humans from Florida, USA: 1990–1999. J Med Entomol 37: 626–633.
-
12.
Marfin AA, Bleed DM, Lofgren JP, Olin AC, Savage HM, Smith GC, Moore PS, Karabatsos N, Tsai TF, 1993. Epidemiologic aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Jefferson County Arkansas, 1991. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 30–37.
-
13.
Jones SC, Morris J, Hill G, Alderman M, Ratard RC, 2002. St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Louisiana in 2001. J La State Med Soc 154: 303–306.
-
14.
Burakoff A, Lehman J, Fischer M, Staples JE, Lindsey NP, 2018. West Nile virus and other nationally notifiable arboviral diseases—United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 13–17.
-
15.
White GS, Symmes K, Sun P, Fang Y, Garcia S, Steiner C, Smith K, Reisen WK, Coffey LL, 2016. Reemergence of St. Louis encephalitis virus, California, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 2185–2188.
-
16.
Venkat H et al. 2015. Concurrent outbreaks of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus disease—Arizona, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64: 1349–1350.
-
17.
Venkat H et al. 2017. St. Louis encephalitis virus possibly transmitted through blood transfusion—Arizona, 2015. Transfusion 57: 2987–2994.
-
18.
Pealer LN et al. 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 349: 1236–1245.
-
19.
Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, 2010. Surveillance for human West Nile virus disease—United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 59: 1–17.
-
20.
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Martinez VM, Fang Y, Green EN, 2003. Experimental infection of California birds with western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. J Med Entomol 40: 968–982.
-
21.
Reeves WC, 1990. Clinical and subclinical disease in man. Reeves WC, ed. Epidemiology and Control of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in California, 1943–1987. Sacramento, CA: California Mosquito Vector Control Association, 1–25.
-
22.
Reeves WC, Hammon WM, 1962. Epidemiology of the arthropod-borne viral encephalitides in Kern County, California, 1943–1952. Publ Public Health Univ Calif 4: 1–257.
-
23.
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, 1997. Prevalence of antibodies to western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in residents of California exposed to sporadic and consistent enzootic transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57: 526–529.
-
24.
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Lothrup HD, Presser SB, Hardy JL, 1996. Prevalence of antibodies to mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses in residents of the Coachella Valley, California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 667–671.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 469 | 395 | 97 |
| Full Text Views | 560 | 20 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 251 | 19 | 0 |