ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Raoult D, Fournier PE, Fenollar F, Jensenius M, Prioe T, de Pina JJ, Caruso G, Jones N, Laferl H, Rosenblatt JE, Marrie TJ, 2001. Rickettsia africae, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 344 :1504–1510.
-
2
Kelly PJ, 2006. Rickettsia africae in the West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :224–226.
-
3
Kelly P, Beati L, Mason P, Matthewman L, Roux V, Raoult D, 1996. Rickettsia africae sp. nov., the etiological agent of African tick bite fever. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46 :611–614.
-
4
Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Kelly P, Myrvang B, Raoult D, 2003. African tick bite fever. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :557–564.
-
5
Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron MS, the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 2006. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 354 :119–130.
-
6
Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Vene S, Hoel T, Hasle G, Henriksen AZ, Hellum KB, Raoult D, Myrvang B, 2003. African tick bite fever in travelers to rural sub-Equatorial Africa. Clin Infect Dis 36 :1411–1417.
-
7
Walker DH, 2003. Rickettsial diseases in travelers. Travel Med Infect Dis 1 :35–40.
-
8
Roch N, Epaulard O, Pelloux I, Pavese P, Brion JP, Raoult D, Maurin M, 2008. African tick bite fever in elderly patients: 8 cases in French tourists returning from South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 47 :e28–e35.
-
9
Kelly PJ, Mason PR, Matthewman LA, Raoult D, 1991. Seroepidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsial infections in humans in Zimbabwe. J Trop Med Hyg 94 :304–309.
-
10
Ndip LM, Fokam EB, Bouyer DH, Ndip RN, Titanji VP, Walker DH, McBride JW, 2004. Detection of Rickettsia africae in patients and ticks along the coastal region of Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :363–366.
-
11
Owen CE, Bahrami S, Malone JC, Callen JP, Kulp-Shorten CL, 2006. African tick bite fever: a not-so-uncommon illness in international travelers. Arch Dermatol 142 :1312–1314.
-
12
Lepidi H, Fournier PE, Raoult D, 2006. Histologic features and immunodetection of African tick-bite fever eschar. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1332–1337.
-
13
Fournier PE, Roux V, Caumes E, Donzel M, Raoult D, 1998. Outbreak of Rickettsia africae infections in participants of an adventure race in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 27 :316–323.
-
14
Snape MD, Pollard AJ, 2006. African tick bite fever. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :750.
-
15
Bouvresse S, Giudice PD, Franck N, Buffet M, Avril MF, Mondain V, Rolain JM, Raoult D, Dupin N, 2008. Two cases of cellulitis in the course of African tick bite fever: a fortuitous association. Dermatology 217 :140–142.
-
16
Fournier PE, Beytout J, Raoult D, 1999. Tick-transmitted infections in Transvaal: consider Rickettsia africae. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :178–181.
-
17
Kim DM, Kim HL, Park CY, Yang TY, Lee JH, Yang JT, Shim SK, Lee SH, 2006. Clinical usefulness of eschar polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of scrub typhus: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 43 :1296–1300.
-
18
Lee SH, Kim DM, Cho YS, Yoon SH, Shim SK, 2006. Usefulness of eschar PCR for diagnosis of scrub typhus. J Clin Microbiol 44 :1169–1171.
-
19
Fournier PE, Jensenius M, Laferl H, Vene S, Raoult D, 2002. Kinetics of antibody responses in Rickettsia africae and Rickettsia conorii infections. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :324–328.
-
20
Consigny PH, Rolain JM, Mizzi D, Raoult D, 2005. African tick-bite fever in French travelers. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1804–1806.
-
21
Brouqui P, Dupont HT, Drancourt M, Bourgeade A, Raoult D, 1992. Spotless boutonneuse fever. Clin Infect Dis 14 :114–116.
-
22
Rolain JM, Maurin M, Vestris G, Raoult D, 1998. In vitro susceptibilities of 27 rickettsiae to 13 antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 :1537–1541.
-
23
Rolain JM, Maurin M, Bryskier A, Raoult D, 2000. In vitro activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647) against Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia prowazekii, Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella bacilliformis, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :1391–1393.
-
24
Raoult D, Drancourt M, 1991. Antimicrobial therapy of rickettsial diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 :2457–2462.
-
25
Rashid R, Pasqualotto AC, Denning DW, 2008. A case of spotted fever group rickettsiosis imported into the United Kingdom and treated with ciprofloxacin: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2 :98.
-
26
Tsai YS, Wu YH, Kao PT, Lin YC, 2008. African tick bite fever. J Formos Med Assoc 107 :73–76.
-
27
Fang R, Raoult D, 2003. Antigenic classification of Rickettsia felis by using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10 :221–228.
-
28
Brouqui P, Bacellar F, Baranton G, Birtles RJ, Bjoersdorff A, Blanco JR, Caruso G, Cinco M, Fournier PE, Francavilla E, Jensenius M, Kazar J, Laferl H, Lakos A, Furlan SL, Maurin M, Oteo J, Parola P, Perez-Eid C, Peter O, Postic D, Raoult D, Tellez A, Tselentis Y, Wilske B, ESCMID Study Group on Coxiella, Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Bartonella; European Network for Surveillance of Tick-Borne Diseases, 2004. Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 10 :1108–1132.
-
29
Dupont HT, Brouqui P, Faugere B, Raoult D, 1995. Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetti, Rickettsia conorii, and Rickettsia typhi in seven African countries. Clin Infect Dis 21 :1126–1133.
-
30
Babalis T, Dupont HT, Tselentis Y, Chatzichristodoulou C, Raoult D, 1993. Rickettsia conorii in Greece: comparison of a microimmunofluorescence assay and western blotting for seroepidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :784–792.
-
31
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173 :1576–1589.
-
32
Gambrill MR, Wisseman CL Jr, 1973. Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infections III. Influence of human immune serum and complement on the fate of Rickettsia mooseri within human macrophages. Infect Immun 8 :631–640.
-
33
Keysary A, McCaul TF, Winkler HH, 1989. Roles of the Fc receptor and respiratory burst in killing of Rickettsia prowazekii by macrophagelike cell lines. Infect Immun 57 :2390–2396.
-
34
Soejima T, Iida KI, Qin T, Taniai H, Seki M, Yoshida SI, 2008. Method to detect only live bacteria during PCR amplification. J Clin Microbiol 46 :2305–2313.
-
35
Jackson Y, Chappuis F, Loutan L, 2004. African tick-bite fever: four cases among Swiss travelers returning from South Africa. J Travel Med 11 :225–228.
-
36
Durrheim DN, Braack L, Grobler D, Bryden H, Speare R, Leggat PA, 2001. Safety of travel in South Africa: the Kruger National Park. J Travel Med 8 :176–191.
-
37
Gear JH, Miller GB, Martins H, Swanepoel R, Wolstenholme B, Coppin A, 1983. Tick-bite fever in South Africa. The occurrence of severe cases on the Witwatersrand. S Afr Med J 63 :807–810.
-
38
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1998. African tick-bite fever among international travelers—Oregon, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :950–952.
-
39
Jensenius M, Hasle G, Henriksen AZ, Vene S, Raoult D, Bruu AL, Myrvang B, 1999. African tick-bite fever imported into Norway: presentation of 8 cases. Scand J Infect Dis 31 :131–133.
-
40
Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Fladby T, Hellum KB, Hagen T, Prio T, Christiansen MS, Vene S, Raoult D, Myrvang B, 2006. Sub-acute neuropathy in patients with African tick bite fever. Scand J Infect Dis 38 :114–118.
-
41
Kenyon RH, Williams RG, Oster CN, Pedersen CE Jr, 1978. Prophylactic treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Clin Microbiol 8 :102–104.
-
42
Jensenius M, Pretorius AM, Clarke F, Myrvang B, 2005. Repellent efficacy of four commercial DEET lotions against Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), the principal vector of Rickettsia africae in southern Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :708–711.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 239 | 198 | 40 |
| Full Text Views | 264 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 90 | 2 | 0 |
African Tick Bite Fever in a Taiwanese Traveler Returning from South Africa: Molecular and Serologic Studies
Kun-Hsien Tsai
Kun-Hsien Tsai
Vector-Borne Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Laboratory, Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Unité des Rickettsies, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Hsiu-Ying Lu
Hsiu-Ying Lu
Vector-Borne Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Laboratory, Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Unité des Rickettsies, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Jyh-Hsiung Huang
Jyh-Hsiung Huang
Vector-Borne Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Laboratory, Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Unité des Rickettsies, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Pierre-Edouard Fournier
Pierre-Edouard Fournier
Vector-Borne Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Laboratory, Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Unité des Rickettsies, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Oleg Mediannikov
Oleg Mediannikov
Vector-Borne Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Laboratory, Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Unité des Rickettsies, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Didier Raoult
Didier Raoult
Vector-Borne Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Laboratory, Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Unité des Rickettsies, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Pei-Yun Shu
Pei-Yun Shu
Vector-Borne Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Laboratory, Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Unité des Rickettsies, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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We report the first imported case of African tick bite fever (ATBF) in a patient from Taiwan who returned from a 10-day trip to South Africa. Diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from eschar biopsies. Portions of rickettsial ompA (491 bp) and ompB (273 bp) genes were amplified and subsequent sequencing of PCR product showed its 100% identity with R. africae. Microimmunofluorescence (MIF) assay of patient’s serum on Days 14 and 46 after the onset of illness revealed IgG seroconversion when tested with spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae antigens, including R. africae. The patient clinically improved on the third day of 14-day treatment with a combination of ciprofloxacin and minocycline. Based on the patient’s travel history and chronology of clinical symptoms, we strongly suspect that the tick-biting event occurred in Kruger National Park.
Author Notes
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-
1
Raoult D, Fournier PE, Fenollar F, Jensenius M, Prioe T, de Pina JJ, Caruso G, Jones N, Laferl H, Rosenblatt JE, Marrie TJ, 2001. Rickettsia africae, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 344 :1504–1510.
-
2
Kelly PJ, 2006. Rickettsia africae in the West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :224–226.
-
3
Kelly P, Beati L, Mason P, Matthewman L, Roux V, Raoult D, 1996. Rickettsia africae sp. nov., the etiological agent of African tick bite fever. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46 :611–614.
-
4
Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Kelly P, Myrvang B, Raoult D, 2003. African tick bite fever. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :557–564.
-
5
Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron MS, the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 2006. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 354 :119–130.
-
6
Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Vene S, Hoel T, Hasle G, Henriksen AZ, Hellum KB, Raoult D, Myrvang B, 2003. African tick bite fever in travelers to rural sub-Equatorial Africa. Clin Infect Dis 36 :1411–1417.
-
7
Walker DH, 2003. Rickettsial diseases in travelers. Travel Med Infect Dis 1 :35–40.
-
8
Roch N, Epaulard O, Pelloux I, Pavese P, Brion JP, Raoult D, Maurin M, 2008. African tick bite fever in elderly patients: 8 cases in French tourists returning from South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 47 :e28–e35.
-
9
Kelly PJ, Mason PR, Matthewman LA, Raoult D, 1991. Seroepidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsial infections in humans in Zimbabwe. J Trop Med Hyg 94 :304–309.
-
10
Ndip LM, Fokam EB, Bouyer DH, Ndip RN, Titanji VP, Walker DH, McBride JW, 2004. Detection of Rickettsia africae in patients and ticks along the coastal region of Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :363–366.
-
11
Owen CE, Bahrami S, Malone JC, Callen JP, Kulp-Shorten CL, 2006. African tick bite fever: a not-so-uncommon illness in international travelers. Arch Dermatol 142 :1312–1314.
-
12
Lepidi H, Fournier PE, Raoult D, 2006. Histologic features and immunodetection of African tick-bite fever eschar. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1332–1337.
-
13
Fournier PE, Roux V, Caumes E, Donzel M, Raoult D, 1998. Outbreak of Rickettsia africae infections in participants of an adventure race in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 27 :316–323.
-
14
Snape MD, Pollard AJ, 2006. African tick bite fever. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :750.
-
15
Bouvresse S, Giudice PD, Franck N, Buffet M, Avril MF, Mondain V, Rolain JM, Raoult D, Dupin N, 2008. Two cases of cellulitis in the course of African tick bite fever: a fortuitous association. Dermatology 217 :140–142.
-
16
Fournier PE, Beytout J, Raoult D, 1999. Tick-transmitted infections in Transvaal: consider Rickettsia africae. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :178–181.
-
17
Kim DM, Kim HL, Park CY, Yang TY, Lee JH, Yang JT, Shim SK, Lee SH, 2006. Clinical usefulness of eschar polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of scrub typhus: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 43 :1296–1300.
-
18
Lee SH, Kim DM, Cho YS, Yoon SH, Shim SK, 2006. Usefulness of eschar PCR for diagnosis of scrub typhus. J Clin Microbiol 44 :1169–1171.
-
19
Fournier PE, Jensenius M, Laferl H, Vene S, Raoult D, 2002. Kinetics of antibody responses in Rickettsia africae and Rickettsia conorii infections. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :324–328.
-
20
Consigny PH, Rolain JM, Mizzi D, Raoult D, 2005. African tick-bite fever in French travelers. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1804–1806.
-
21
Brouqui P, Dupont HT, Drancourt M, Bourgeade A, Raoult D, 1992. Spotless boutonneuse fever. Clin Infect Dis 14 :114–116.
-
22
Rolain JM, Maurin M, Vestris G, Raoult D, 1998. In vitro susceptibilities of 27 rickettsiae to 13 antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 :1537–1541.
-
23
Rolain JM, Maurin M, Bryskier A, Raoult D, 2000. In vitro activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647) against Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia prowazekii, Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella bacilliformis, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :1391–1393.
-
24
Raoult D, Drancourt M, 1991. Antimicrobial therapy of rickettsial diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 :2457–2462.
-
25
Rashid R, Pasqualotto AC, Denning DW, 2008. A case of spotted fever group rickettsiosis imported into the United Kingdom and treated with ciprofloxacin: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2 :98.
-
26
Tsai YS, Wu YH, Kao PT, Lin YC, 2008. African tick bite fever. J Formos Med Assoc 107 :73–76.
-
27
Fang R, Raoult D, 2003. Antigenic classification of Rickettsia felis by using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10 :221–228.
-
28
Brouqui P, Bacellar F, Baranton G, Birtles RJ, Bjoersdorff A, Blanco JR, Caruso G, Cinco M, Fournier PE, Francavilla E, Jensenius M, Kazar J, Laferl H, Lakos A, Furlan SL, Maurin M, Oteo J, Parola P, Perez-Eid C, Peter O, Postic D, Raoult D, Tellez A, Tselentis Y, Wilske B, ESCMID Study Group on Coxiella, Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Bartonella; European Network for Surveillance of Tick-Borne Diseases, 2004. Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 10 :1108–1132.
-
29
Dupont HT, Brouqui P, Faugere B, Raoult D, 1995. Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetti, Rickettsia conorii, and Rickettsia typhi in seven African countries. Clin Infect Dis 21 :1126–1133.
-
30
Babalis T, Dupont HT, Tselentis Y, Chatzichristodoulou C, Raoult D, 1993. Rickettsia conorii in Greece: comparison of a microimmunofluorescence assay and western blotting for seroepidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :784–792.
-
31
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173 :1576–1589.
-
32
Gambrill MR, Wisseman CL Jr, 1973. Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infections III. Influence of human immune serum and complement on the fate of Rickettsia mooseri within human macrophages. Infect Immun 8 :631–640.
-
33
Keysary A, McCaul TF, Winkler HH, 1989. Roles of the Fc receptor and respiratory burst in killing of Rickettsia prowazekii by macrophagelike cell lines. Infect Immun 57 :2390–2396.
-
34
Soejima T, Iida KI, Qin T, Taniai H, Seki M, Yoshida SI, 2008. Method to detect only live bacteria during PCR amplification. J Clin Microbiol 46 :2305–2313.
-
35
Jackson Y, Chappuis F, Loutan L, 2004. African tick-bite fever: four cases among Swiss travelers returning from South Africa. J Travel Med 11 :225–228.
-
36
Durrheim DN, Braack L, Grobler D, Bryden H, Speare R, Leggat PA, 2001. Safety of travel in South Africa: the Kruger National Park. J Travel Med 8 :176–191.
-
37
Gear JH, Miller GB, Martins H, Swanepoel R, Wolstenholme B, Coppin A, 1983. Tick-bite fever in South Africa. The occurrence of severe cases on the Witwatersrand. S Afr Med J 63 :807–810.
-
38
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1998. African tick-bite fever among international travelers—Oregon, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :950–952.
-
39
Jensenius M, Hasle G, Henriksen AZ, Vene S, Raoult D, Bruu AL, Myrvang B, 1999. African tick-bite fever imported into Norway: presentation of 8 cases. Scand J Infect Dis 31 :131–133.
-
40
Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Fladby T, Hellum KB, Hagen T, Prio T, Christiansen MS, Vene S, Raoult D, Myrvang B, 2006. Sub-acute neuropathy in patients with African tick bite fever. Scand J Infect Dis 38 :114–118.
-
41
Kenyon RH, Williams RG, Oster CN, Pedersen CE Jr, 1978. Prophylactic treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Clin Microbiol 8 :102–104.
-
42
Jensenius M, Pretorius AM, Clarke F, Myrvang B, 2005. Repellent efficacy of four commercial DEET lotions against Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), the principal vector of Rickettsia africae in southern Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :708–711.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 239 | 198 | 40 |
| Full Text Views | 264 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 90 | 2 | 0 |