ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 2008. '08 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Available at: http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/jc1510_2008globalreport_en.pdf. Accessed October 6, 2009.
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World Health Organization, 2008. World Malaria Report 2008. Available at: http://apps.who.int/malaria/wmr2008/malaria2008.pdf. Accessed October 6, 2009.
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World Health Organization, 2008. Global Tuberculosis Control 2008: Surveillance, Financing and Planning. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2008/. Accessed October 6, 2009.
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UNAIDS, 2009. 2008 UNAIDS Annual Report: Towards Universal Access. Available at: http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2009/jc1736_2008_annual_report_en.pdf. Accessed October 6, 2009.
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Bennett DE, Bertagnolio S, Sutherland D, Gilks CF, 2008. The World Health Organization's global strategy for prevention and assessment of HIV Drug resistance. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 1–13.
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7.
Bennett DE, Myatt M, Bertagnolio S, Sutherland D, Gilks CF, 2008. Recommendations for surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in countries scaling up antiretroviral treatment. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 25–36.
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8.
Jordan MR, Bennett DE, Bertagnolio S, Gilks CF, Sutherland D, 2008. World Health Organization surveys to monitor HIV Drug resistance prevention and associated factors in sentinel antiretroviral treatment sites. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 15–23.
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9.
World Health Organization, 2008. HIV Drug Resistance Early Warning Indicators: World Health Organization Indicators to Monitor HIV Drug Resistance Prevention at Antiretroviral Treatment Sites. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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World Health Organization, 2009. Methods for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy. Available at: http://apps.who.int/malaria/docs/drugresistance/Protocol2009.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2009.
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World Health Organization, 2009. Guidelines for Surveillance of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis, 4th ed. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598675_eng.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2010.
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World Health Organization, 2003. Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Treatment Programs. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO_CDS_TB_2003.313_eng.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2010.
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World Health Organization, 2006. The Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015: Actions for Life, Towards a World Free of Tuberculosis. Available at: http://www.stoptb.org/globalplan/assets/documents/GlobalPlanFinal.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2010.
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14.
Shafer RW, Rhee S, Pillay D, Miller V, Sandstrom P, Schapiro JM, Kuritzkes DR, Bennett D, 2007. HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase mutations for drug resistance surveillance. AIDS 21: 215–223.
-
15.
Bennett DE, Camacho RJ, Otelea D, Kuritzkes DR, Fleury H, Kiuchi M, Heneine W, Kantor R, Jordan MR, Schapiro JM, Vandamme AM, Sandstrom P, Boucher CAB, van de Vijver D, Rhee S, Liu TF, Pillay D, Shafer RW, 2009. Drug resistance mutations for surveillance of transmitted HIV-1 drug-resistance: 2009 update. PLoS One 4: e4274.
-
16.
Myatt M, Bennett DE, 2008. A novel sequential sampling technique for the surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance by cross-sectional survey for use in low resource settings. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 37–48.
-
17.
World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546948_eng_full.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2010.
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18.
Djimde AA, Duombo OK, Traore O, Guindo AB, Kayentao K, Diourte Y, Niare-Doumbo S, Coulibaly D, Kone AK, Cissoko Y, Tekete M, Fofana B, Dicko A, Diallo DA, Wellems TW, Kwiatkowski D, Plowe CV, 2003. Clearance of drug-resistant parasites as a model for protective immunity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 558–563.
-
19.
Koepfli C, Mueller I, Marfurt J, Goroti M, Sie A, Oa O et al., 2009. Evaluation of Plasmodium vivax genotyping markers for molecular monitoring in clinical trials. J Infect Dis 199: 1074–1080.
-
20.
Wells TNC, Alonso PL, Gutteridge WE, 2009. New medicines to improve control and contribute to the eradication of malaria. Natl Rev 8: 879–891.
-
21.
Wright A, Zignol M, Van Deun A, Falzon D, Gerges SR, Feldman K, Hoffner S, Drobniewski F, Barrera L, van Soolingen D, 2009. Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance 2002–07: an updated analysis of the Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. Lancet 373: 1861–1873.
-
22.
Abegaz WE, Grossman Z, Wolday D, Ram D, Kaplan J, Sibide K, Wuhib T, Ismael S, Nkengasong J, Mekonen T, Berhanu W, Messele T, Lulseged S, Maayan S, Mengitsu Y, 2008. Threshold survey evaluating transmitted HIV drug resistance among public antenatal clinic clients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 89–94.
-
23.
Hedt BL, Wadonda-Kabondo N, Makombe S, Harries AD, Schouten EJ, Limbambala E, Hochesang M, Aberle-Grasse J, Kamoto K, 2008. Early warning indicators for HIV drug resistance in Malawi. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 69–75.
-
24.
Kamoto K, Aberle-Grass J, Malawi HIV Drug Resistance Task Force , 2008. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance with the World Health Organization threshold survey method in Lilongwe, Malawi. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 83–87.
-
25.
Maphalala G, Okello V, Mndzebele S, Gwebu P, Mulima N, Dlamini S, Nhlabatsi B, Ginindza T, Ghebrenegus Y, Ntilivamunda A, Mwanyumba F, Ledwaba J, Pillay V, Bennett DE, 2008. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance in the Manzini–Mbabane corridor, Swaziland, in 2006. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 95–100.
-
26.
Nguyen HT, Duc NB, Shrivastava R, Tran TH, Nguyen TA, Thang PH, McNicholl JM, Leelawiwat W, Chonwattana W, Sidibe K, Fujita M, Luu CMT, Kakkar R, Bennett DE, Kaplan J, Cosimi L, Wolfe MI, 2008. HIV drug resistance threshold survey suing specimens from voluntary counseling and testing sites in Hanoi, Vietnam. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 115–121.
-
27.
Pillay V, Ledwaba J, Hunt G, Rakgotho M, Singh B, Makubalo L, Bennett DE, Puren A, Morris L, 2008. Antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among drug-naive HIV-1–infected individuals in Gauteng Province, South Africa in 2002 and 2004. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 101–107.
-
28.
Sirivichayakul S, Phanuphak P, Pankam T, O-Charoen R, Sutherland D, Ruxrungtham K, 2008. HIV drug resistance transmission threshold survey in Bangkok, Thailand. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 109–113.
-
29.
Somi GR, Kibuka T, Diallo K, Tuhuma T, Bennett DE, Yang C, Kagoma C, Lyamuya EF, Swai RO, Kassim S, 2008. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance among women attending antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 77–82.
-
30.
Castillo J, Comegna M, Quijada W, Jauvin V, Pinson P, Masquelier B, Fleury H, Castro E, 2009. Surveillance of HIV type 1 drug among naïve patients from Venezuela. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25: 1329–1333.
-
31.
Inocencio LA, Pereira AA, Sucupira MC, Fernandez JC, Jorge CP, Souza DF, Fink HT, Diaz RS, Becker IM, Suffert TA, Arruda MB, Macedo O, Simão MBG, Tanuri A, 2009. Brazilian network for HIV drug resistance surveillance: a survey of individuals recently diagnosed with HIV. J Int AIDS Soc 12. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-12-20.
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32.
Ndembi N, Lyagoba F, Kushemererma G, Serwanga J, Katongole-Mbidde E, Grosskurth H, Kaleebu P, 2008. Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among new HIV type 1-diagnosed women attending antenatal clinic in Entebbe, Uganda. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 24: 889–895.
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World Health Organization, 2009. Global Tuberculosis Control 2008: Epidemiology, Financing and Planning. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2009/en/index.html. Accessed March 1, 2010.
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Zhang J, Kang D, Fu J, Sun X, Lin B, Bi Z, Nkengasong JN, Yang C, 2010. Surveillance of transmitted HIV type 1 drug resistance in newly diagnosed HIV type 1-infected patients in Shandong Province, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 26: 99–103.
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35.
Price RN, Dorsey G, Ashley EA, Barnes KI, Baird JK, d'Alessandro U, Guerin PJ, Laufer MK, Naidoo I, Nosten F, Olliaro P, Plowe CV, Ringwald P, Sibley CH, Stepniewska K, White NJ, 2007. World Antimalarial Resistance Network I: clinical efficacy of antimalarial drugs. Malar J 6: 119.
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Guerin PJ, Bates SJ, Sibley CH, 2009. Global resistance surveillance: ensuring antimalarial efficacy in the future. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22: 593–600.
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37.
Laufer MK, Djimde AA, Plowe CV, 2007. Monitoring and deterring drug-resistant malaria in the era of combination therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6): 160–169.
-
38.
Cohen T, Hedt BL, Pagano M, 2010. Estimating the magnitude and direction of bias in tuberculosis drug resistance surveys conducted only in the public sector: a simulation study. BMC Public Health 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-355.
-
39.
Lillebaek T, Dirksen A, Baess I, Strunge B, Thomsen VO, Andersen AB, 2002. Molecular evidence of the endogenous reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 33 years of latent infection. J Infect Dis 185: 401–404.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 373 | 317 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 334 | 18 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 18 | 1 |
Drug Resistance Surveillance in Resource-Poor Settings: Current Methods and Considerations for TB, HIV, and Malaria
Bethany L. Hedt
Bethany L. Hedt
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Miriam K. Laufer
Miriam K. Laufer
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ted Cohen
Ted Cohen
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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In resource-constrained environments, monitoring the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or malaria resistant to the limited number of available drugs is essential for national treatment program success. Countries with limited resources and technical capacity rely on survey designs and methods that are simple and easily integrated into routine clinical activities to minimize the impact on overburdened clinics. This paper reviews the most commonly used methods for drug-resistance surveillance of TB, HIV, and malaria and discusses the strengths and limitations of these different strategies.
Author Notes
Financial support: B.L.H. received support from National Institutes of Health Grant T32 AI007358. M.K.L. received support from National Institutes of Health Grants K23AI059316 and R34AI079315 and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. T.C. received support from National Institutes of Health Grant U54 GM088558.
Authors' addresses: Bethany L. Hedt, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, E-mail: bhedt@hsph.harvard.edu. Miriam K. Laufer, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: mlaufer@medicine.umaryland.edu. Ted Cohen, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, E-mail: tcohen@hsph.harvard.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Roll Back Malaria, 2008. Executive Summary: The Global Malaria Action Plan. Available at: http://rbm.who.int/gmap/0-5.pdf. Accessed October 6, 2009.
-
2.
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 2008. '08 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Available at: http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/jc1510_2008globalreport_en.pdf. Accessed October 6, 2009.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Malaria Report 2008. Available at: http://apps.who.int/malaria/wmr2008/malaria2008.pdf. Accessed October 6, 2009.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2008. Global Tuberculosis Control 2008: Surveillance, Financing and Planning. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2008/. Accessed October 6, 2009.
-
5.
UNAIDS, 2009. 2008 UNAIDS Annual Report: Towards Universal Access. Available at: http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2009/jc1736_2008_annual_report_en.pdf. Accessed October 6, 2009.
-
6.
Bennett DE, Bertagnolio S, Sutherland D, Gilks CF, 2008. The World Health Organization's global strategy for prevention and assessment of HIV Drug resistance. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 1–13.
-
7.
Bennett DE, Myatt M, Bertagnolio S, Sutherland D, Gilks CF, 2008. Recommendations for surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in countries scaling up antiretroviral treatment. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 25–36.
-
8.
Jordan MR, Bennett DE, Bertagnolio S, Gilks CF, Sutherland D, 2008. World Health Organization surveys to monitor HIV Drug resistance prevention and associated factors in sentinel antiretroviral treatment sites. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 15–23.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2008. HIV Drug Resistance Early Warning Indicators: World Health Organization Indicators to Monitor HIV Drug Resistance Prevention at Antiretroviral Treatment Sites. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2009. Methods for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy. Available at: http://apps.who.int/malaria/docs/drugresistance/Protocol2009.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2009.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2009. Guidelines for Surveillance of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis, 4th ed. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598675_eng.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2010.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2003. Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Treatment Programs. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO_CDS_TB_2003.313_eng.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2010.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2006. The Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015: Actions for Life, Towards a World Free of Tuberculosis. Available at: http://www.stoptb.org/globalplan/assets/documents/GlobalPlanFinal.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2010.
-
14.
Shafer RW, Rhee S, Pillay D, Miller V, Sandstrom P, Schapiro JM, Kuritzkes DR, Bennett D, 2007. HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase mutations for drug resistance surveillance. AIDS 21: 215–223.
-
15.
Bennett DE, Camacho RJ, Otelea D, Kuritzkes DR, Fleury H, Kiuchi M, Heneine W, Kantor R, Jordan MR, Schapiro JM, Vandamme AM, Sandstrom P, Boucher CAB, van de Vijver D, Rhee S, Liu TF, Pillay D, Shafer RW, 2009. Drug resistance mutations for surveillance of transmitted HIV-1 drug-resistance: 2009 update. PLoS One 4: e4274.
-
16.
Myatt M, Bennett DE, 2008. A novel sequential sampling technique for the surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance by cross-sectional survey for use in low resource settings. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 37–48.
-
17.
World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546948_eng_full.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2010.
-
18.
Djimde AA, Duombo OK, Traore O, Guindo AB, Kayentao K, Diourte Y, Niare-Doumbo S, Coulibaly D, Kone AK, Cissoko Y, Tekete M, Fofana B, Dicko A, Diallo DA, Wellems TW, Kwiatkowski D, Plowe CV, 2003. Clearance of drug-resistant parasites as a model for protective immunity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 558–563.
-
19.
Koepfli C, Mueller I, Marfurt J, Goroti M, Sie A, Oa O et al., 2009. Evaluation of Plasmodium vivax genotyping markers for molecular monitoring in clinical trials. J Infect Dis 199: 1074–1080.
-
20.
Wells TNC, Alonso PL, Gutteridge WE, 2009. New medicines to improve control and contribute to the eradication of malaria. Natl Rev 8: 879–891.
-
21.
Wright A, Zignol M, Van Deun A, Falzon D, Gerges SR, Feldman K, Hoffner S, Drobniewski F, Barrera L, van Soolingen D, 2009. Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance 2002–07: an updated analysis of the Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. Lancet 373: 1861–1873.
-
22.
Abegaz WE, Grossman Z, Wolday D, Ram D, Kaplan J, Sibide K, Wuhib T, Ismael S, Nkengasong J, Mekonen T, Berhanu W, Messele T, Lulseged S, Maayan S, Mengitsu Y, 2008. Threshold survey evaluating transmitted HIV drug resistance among public antenatal clinic clients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 89–94.
-
23.
Hedt BL, Wadonda-Kabondo N, Makombe S, Harries AD, Schouten EJ, Limbambala E, Hochesang M, Aberle-Grasse J, Kamoto K, 2008. Early warning indicators for HIV drug resistance in Malawi. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 69–75.
-
24.
Kamoto K, Aberle-Grass J, Malawi HIV Drug Resistance Task Force , 2008. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance with the World Health Organization threshold survey method in Lilongwe, Malawi. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 83–87.
-
25.
Maphalala G, Okello V, Mndzebele S, Gwebu P, Mulima N, Dlamini S, Nhlabatsi B, Ginindza T, Ghebrenegus Y, Ntilivamunda A, Mwanyumba F, Ledwaba J, Pillay V, Bennett DE, 2008. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance in the Manzini–Mbabane corridor, Swaziland, in 2006. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 95–100.
-
26.
Nguyen HT, Duc NB, Shrivastava R, Tran TH, Nguyen TA, Thang PH, McNicholl JM, Leelawiwat W, Chonwattana W, Sidibe K, Fujita M, Luu CMT, Kakkar R, Bennett DE, Kaplan J, Cosimi L, Wolfe MI, 2008. HIV drug resistance threshold survey suing specimens from voluntary counseling and testing sites in Hanoi, Vietnam. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 115–121.
-
27.
Pillay V, Ledwaba J, Hunt G, Rakgotho M, Singh B, Makubalo L, Bennett DE, Puren A, Morris L, 2008. Antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among drug-naive HIV-1–infected individuals in Gauteng Province, South Africa in 2002 and 2004. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 101–107.
-
28.
Sirivichayakul S, Phanuphak P, Pankam T, O-Charoen R, Sutherland D, Ruxrungtham K, 2008. HIV drug resistance transmission threshold survey in Bangkok, Thailand. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 109–113.
-
29.
Somi GR, Kibuka T, Diallo K, Tuhuma T, Bennett DE, Yang C, Kagoma C, Lyamuya EF, Swai RO, Kassim S, 2008. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance among women attending antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Antivir Ther 13 (Suppl 2): 77–82.
-
30.
Castillo J, Comegna M, Quijada W, Jauvin V, Pinson P, Masquelier B, Fleury H, Castro E, 2009. Surveillance of HIV type 1 drug among naïve patients from Venezuela. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25: 1329–1333.
-
31.
Inocencio LA, Pereira AA, Sucupira MC, Fernandez JC, Jorge CP, Souza DF, Fink HT, Diaz RS, Becker IM, Suffert TA, Arruda MB, Macedo O, Simão MBG, Tanuri A, 2009. Brazilian network for HIV drug resistance surveillance: a survey of individuals recently diagnosed with HIV. J Int AIDS Soc 12. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-12-20.
-
32.
Ndembi N, Lyagoba F, Kushemererma G, Serwanga J, Katongole-Mbidde E, Grosskurth H, Kaleebu P, 2008. Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among new HIV type 1-diagnosed women attending antenatal clinic in Entebbe, Uganda. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 24: 889–895.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2009. Global Tuberculosis Control 2008: Epidemiology, Financing and Planning. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2009/en/index.html. Accessed March 1, 2010.
-
34.
Zhang J, Kang D, Fu J, Sun X, Lin B, Bi Z, Nkengasong JN, Yang C, 2010. Surveillance of transmitted HIV type 1 drug resistance in newly diagnosed HIV type 1-infected patients in Shandong Province, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 26: 99–103.
-
35.
Price RN, Dorsey G, Ashley EA, Barnes KI, Baird JK, d'Alessandro U, Guerin PJ, Laufer MK, Naidoo I, Nosten F, Olliaro P, Plowe CV, Ringwald P, Sibley CH, Stepniewska K, White NJ, 2007. World Antimalarial Resistance Network I: clinical efficacy of antimalarial drugs. Malar J 6: 119.
-
36.
Guerin PJ, Bates SJ, Sibley CH, 2009. Global resistance surveillance: ensuring antimalarial efficacy in the future. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22: 593–600.
-
37.
Laufer MK, Djimde AA, Plowe CV, 2007. Monitoring and deterring drug-resistant malaria in the era of combination therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6): 160–169.
-
38.
Cohen T, Hedt BL, Pagano M, 2010. Estimating the magnitude and direction of bias in tuberculosis drug resistance surveys conducted only in the public sector: a simulation study. BMC Public Health 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-355.
-
39.
Lillebaek T, Dirksen A, Baess I, Strunge B, Thomsen VO, Andersen AB, 2002. Molecular evidence of the endogenous reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 33 years of latent infection. J Infect Dis 185: 401–404.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 373 | 317 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 334 | 18 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 18 | 1 |