ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Cárcamo C, Hooton T, Wener MH, Weiss NS, Gilman R, Arevalo J, Carrasco J, Seas C, Caballero M, Holmes KK, 2005. Etiologies and manifestations of persistent diarrhea in adults with HIV-1 infection: a case-control study in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 191: 11–19.
-
2.
Johnson S, Hendson W, Crewe-Brown H, Dini L, Frean J, Perovic O, Vardas E, 2000. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on episodes of diarrhea among children in South Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19: 972–979.
-
3.
Kartalija M, Sande MA, 1999. Diarrhea and AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 28: 701–705.
-
4.
Oldfield EC 3rd, 2002. Evaluation of chronic diarrhea in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2: 176–188.
-
5.
Niehaus MD, Moore SR, Patrick PD, Derr LL, Lorntz B, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2002. Early childhood diarrhea is associated with diminished cognitive function 4 to 7 years later in children in a northeast Brazilian shantytown. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 590–593.
-
6.
Berkman DS, Lescano AG, Gilman RH, Lopez SL, Black MM, 2002. Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study. Lancet 359: 564–571.
-
7.
Lorntz B, Soares AM, Moore SR, Pinkerton R, Gansneder B, Bovbjerg VE, Guyatt H, Lima AM, Guerrant RL, 2006. Early childhood diarrhea predicts impaired school performance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 513–520.
-
8.
O'Ryan M, Prado V, Pickering LK, 2005. A millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 16: 125–136.
-
9.
Nataro JP, Mai V, Johnson J, Blackwelder WC, Heimer R, Tirrell S, Edberg SC, Braden CR, Glenn Morris J Jr, Hirshon JM, 2006. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection in Baltimore, Maryland, and New Haven, Connecticut. Clin Infect Dis 43: 402–407.
-
10.
Cohen MB, Nataro JP, Bernstein DI, Hawkins J, Roberts N, Staat MA, 2005. Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in acute childhood enteritis: a prospective controlled study. J Pediatr 146: 54–61.
-
11.
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 142–201.
-
12.
Huang DB, Nataro JP, DuPont HL, Kamat PP, Mhatre AD, Okhuysen PC, Chiang T, 2006. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is a cause of acute diarrheal illness: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 43: 556–563.
-
13.
Durrer P, Zbinden R, Fleisch F, Altwegg M, Ledergerber B, Karch H, Weber R, 2000. Intestinal infection due to enteroaggregative Escherichia coli among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis 182: 1540–1544.
-
14.
Gassama-Sow A, Sow PS, Guèye M, Guèye-N'diaye A, Perret JL, M'boup S, Aïdara-Kane A, 2004. Characterization of pathogenic Escherichia coli in human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea in Senegal. J Infect Dis 189: 75–78.
-
15.
Villaseca JM, Hernández U, Sainz-Espuñes TR, Rosario C, Eslava C, 2005. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli an emergent pathogen with different virulence properties. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 47: 140–159.
-
16.
Pavia AT, Long EG, Ryder RW, Nsa W, Puhr ND, Wells JG, Martin P, Tauxe RV, Griffin PM, 1992. Diarrhea among African children born to human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected mothers: clinical, microbiologic and epidemiologic features. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11: 996–1003.
-
17.
Thea DM, St Louis ME, Atido U, Kanjinga K, Kenbo B, Matando M, Tshiamala T, Kamenga C, Davachi F, Brown C, Rand WM, Keusch GT, 1993. A prospective study of diarrhea and HIV-1 infection among 429 Zairian infants. N Engl J Med 329: 1696–1702.
-
18.
Samie A, Obi CL, Dillingham R, Pinkerton RC, Guerrant RL, 2007. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in Venda, South Africa: distribution of virulence-related genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in stool samples of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative individuals and primary school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 142–150.
-
19.
Rossit AR, de Almeida MT, Nogueira CA, da Costa Oliveira JG, Barbosa DM, Moscardini AC, Mascarenhas JD, Gabbay YB, Marques FR, Cardoso LV, Cavasini CE, Machado RL, 2007. Bacterial, yeast, parasitic, and viral enteropathogens in HIV-infected children from São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57: 59–66.
-
20.
Musiime V, Kalyesubula I, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Byarugaba J, 2009. Enteric bacterial pathogens in HIV-infected children with acute diarrhea in Mulago referral and teaching hospital, Kampala, Uganda. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 8: 185–190.
-
21.
Guion CE, Ochoa TJ, Walker CM, Barletta F, Cleary TG, 2008. Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by use of melting-curve analysis and real-time multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 46: 1752–1757.
-
22.
Barletta F, Ochoa TJ, Ecker L, Gil AI, Lanata CF, Cleary TG, 2009. Validation of a five-colony pool analysis using multiplex real time PCR for detection of diarrheagenic E. coli. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1915–1917.
-
23.
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 2008. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Eighteenth Informational Supplement. M100-S18. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
-
24.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. Revised classification systems for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR 43: 1–19.
-
25.
Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Perú, 2009. Situación del VIH/SIDA en el Peru. Boletín Epidemiológico Mensual.
-
26.
Ochoa TJ, Ecker L, Barletta F, Mispireta M, Gil AI, Contreras C, Molina M, Amemiya I, Verastegui H, Hall ER, Cleary TG, Lanata LF, 2009. Age-related susceptibility to infection with diarrheagenic E. coli in infants from Periurban areas of Lima, Peru. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1694–1702.
-
27.
Huang DB, Okhuysen PC, Jiang ZD, DuPont HL, 2004. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: an emerging enteric pathogen. Am J Gastroenterol 99: 383–389.
-
28.
Lanata CF, Mendoza W, Black RE, 2002. Improving Diarrhoea Estimates. Available at: http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/pdfs/improving_diarrhoea_estimates.pdf.
-
29.
Ochoa TJ, Salazar-Lindo E, Cleary TG, 2004. Management of children with infection-associated persistent diarrhea. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 15: 229–236.
-
30.
Kotloff KL, Johnson JP, Nair P, Hickman D, Lippincott P, Wilson PD, Clemens JD, 1994. Diarrheal morbidity during the first 2 years of life among HIV-infected infants. JAMA 271: 448–452.
-
31.
Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J, Molina M, Del Valle LJ, Vargas M, Gil AI, Ecker L, Barletta F, Hall E, Cleary TG, Lanata CF, 2009. High frequency of antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli in Peruvian infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 296–301.
-
32.
Raju B, Ballal M, 2009. Multidrug resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli diarrhoea in rural southern Indian population. Scand J Infect Dis 41: 105–108.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 311 | 270 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 344 | 11 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 120 | 12 | 1 |
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Pediatric Patients in Lima, Perú
Anicia M. Medina
Anicia M. Medina
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Anicia M. Medina in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anicia M. Medina in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Fulton P. Rivera
Fulton P. Rivera
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Fulton P. Rivera in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Fulton P. Rivera in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Liliana M. Romero
Liliana M. Romero
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Liliana M. Romero in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Liliana M. Romero in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Lenka A. Kolevic
Lenka A. Kolevic
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Lenka A. Kolevic in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Lenka A. Kolevic in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Maria E. Castillo
Maria E. Castillo
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Maria E. Castillo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maria E. Castillo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Eduardo Verne
Eduardo Verne
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Eduardo Verne in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Eduardo Verne in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Roger Hernandez
Roger Hernandez
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Roger Hernandez in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Roger Hernandez in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Yovanna E. Mayor
Yovanna E. Mayor
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Yovanna E. Mayor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yovanna E. Mayor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Francesca Barletta
Francesca Barletta
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Francesca Barletta in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Francesca Barletta in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Erik Mercado
Erik Mercado
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Erik Mercado in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Erik Mercado in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Theresa J. Ochoa
Theresa J. Ochoa
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
Search for other papers by Theresa J. Ochoa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Theresa J. Ochoa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
We conducted a prospective study in three hospitals in Lima in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) children to determine the frequency of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Five E. coli colonies/patients were studied by a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction to identify the six currently recognized groups of diarrhea-associated E. coli. We have analyzed 70 HIV-associated diarrheal and 70 control samples from HIV-infected children without diarrhea. Among the diarrheal episodes 19% were persistent, 3% dysenteric, and 33% were associated with moderate or severe dehydration. The diarrheagenic E. coli were the most commonly isolated pathogens in diarrhea (19%) and control samples (26%) (P = 0.42), including enteroaggregative (6% versus 10%), enteropathogenic (6% versus 10%), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (4% versus 3%), respectively. The HIV-infected children with diarrhea had the worse age-related immunosuppression, higher viral loads, and were on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) less often than HIV-infected children without diarrhea. Diarrheagenic E. coli were highly resistant to ampicillin (74%) and cotrimoxazole (70%).
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was funded by Public Health Service award 1K01TW007405 (T.J.O) from the National Institutes of Health.
Authors' addresses: Anicia M. Medina, Fulton P. Rivera, Liliana M. Romero, Francesca Barletta, Erik Mercado, and Theresa J. Ochoa, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, E-mails: anim56@hotmail.com, Fulton.Rivera@upch.pe, tecmedmaya@hotmail.com, francescabarletta@yahoo.es, crikme84@yahoo.es, and Theresa.J.Ochoa@uth.tmc.edu. Lenka A. Kolevic and Maria E. Castillo, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Perú, E-mails: lkolevic@gmail.com and castilloequal@gmail.com. Eduardo Verne and Roger Hernandez, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, E-mails: eduardo.verne@gmail.com and rogerahd@gmail.com. Yovanna E. Mayor, Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue, Lima, Perú, E-mail: yovannamayor@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Cárcamo C, Hooton T, Wener MH, Weiss NS, Gilman R, Arevalo J, Carrasco J, Seas C, Caballero M, Holmes KK, 2005. Etiologies and manifestations of persistent diarrhea in adults with HIV-1 infection: a case-control study in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 191: 11–19.
-
2.
Johnson S, Hendson W, Crewe-Brown H, Dini L, Frean J, Perovic O, Vardas E, 2000. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on episodes of diarrhea among children in South Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19: 972–979.
-
3.
Kartalija M, Sande MA, 1999. Diarrhea and AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 28: 701–705.
-
4.
Oldfield EC 3rd, 2002. Evaluation of chronic diarrhea in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2: 176–188.
-
5.
Niehaus MD, Moore SR, Patrick PD, Derr LL, Lorntz B, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2002. Early childhood diarrhea is associated with diminished cognitive function 4 to 7 years later in children in a northeast Brazilian shantytown. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 590–593.
-
6.
Berkman DS, Lescano AG, Gilman RH, Lopez SL, Black MM, 2002. Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study. Lancet 359: 564–571.
-
7.
Lorntz B, Soares AM, Moore SR, Pinkerton R, Gansneder B, Bovbjerg VE, Guyatt H, Lima AM, Guerrant RL, 2006. Early childhood diarrhea predicts impaired school performance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 513–520.
-
8.
O'Ryan M, Prado V, Pickering LK, 2005. A millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 16: 125–136.
-
9.
Nataro JP, Mai V, Johnson J, Blackwelder WC, Heimer R, Tirrell S, Edberg SC, Braden CR, Glenn Morris J Jr, Hirshon JM, 2006. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection in Baltimore, Maryland, and New Haven, Connecticut. Clin Infect Dis 43: 402–407.
-
10.
Cohen MB, Nataro JP, Bernstein DI, Hawkins J, Roberts N, Staat MA, 2005. Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in acute childhood enteritis: a prospective controlled study. J Pediatr 146: 54–61.
-
11.
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 142–201.
-
12.
Huang DB, Nataro JP, DuPont HL, Kamat PP, Mhatre AD, Okhuysen PC, Chiang T, 2006. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is a cause of acute diarrheal illness: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 43: 556–563.
-
13.
Durrer P, Zbinden R, Fleisch F, Altwegg M, Ledergerber B, Karch H, Weber R, 2000. Intestinal infection due to enteroaggregative Escherichia coli among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis 182: 1540–1544.
-
14.
Gassama-Sow A, Sow PS, Guèye M, Guèye-N'diaye A, Perret JL, M'boup S, Aïdara-Kane A, 2004. Characterization of pathogenic Escherichia coli in human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea in Senegal. J Infect Dis 189: 75–78.
-
15.
Villaseca JM, Hernández U, Sainz-Espuñes TR, Rosario C, Eslava C, 2005. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli an emergent pathogen with different virulence properties. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 47: 140–159.
-
16.
Pavia AT, Long EG, Ryder RW, Nsa W, Puhr ND, Wells JG, Martin P, Tauxe RV, Griffin PM, 1992. Diarrhea among African children born to human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected mothers: clinical, microbiologic and epidemiologic features. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11: 996–1003.
-
17.
Thea DM, St Louis ME, Atido U, Kanjinga K, Kenbo B, Matando M, Tshiamala T, Kamenga C, Davachi F, Brown C, Rand WM, Keusch GT, 1993. A prospective study of diarrhea and HIV-1 infection among 429 Zairian infants. N Engl J Med 329: 1696–1702.
-
18.
Samie A, Obi CL, Dillingham R, Pinkerton RC, Guerrant RL, 2007. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in Venda, South Africa: distribution of virulence-related genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in stool samples of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative individuals and primary school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 142–150.
-
19.
Rossit AR, de Almeida MT, Nogueira CA, da Costa Oliveira JG, Barbosa DM, Moscardini AC, Mascarenhas JD, Gabbay YB, Marques FR, Cardoso LV, Cavasini CE, Machado RL, 2007. Bacterial, yeast, parasitic, and viral enteropathogens in HIV-infected children from São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57: 59–66.
-
20.
Musiime V, Kalyesubula I, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Byarugaba J, 2009. Enteric bacterial pathogens in HIV-infected children with acute diarrhea in Mulago referral and teaching hospital, Kampala, Uganda. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 8: 185–190.
-
21.
Guion CE, Ochoa TJ, Walker CM, Barletta F, Cleary TG, 2008. Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by use of melting-curve analysis and real-time multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 46: 1752–1757.
-
22.
Barletta F, Ochoa TJ, Ecker L, Gil AI, Lanata CF, Cleary TG, 2009. Validation of a five-colony pool analysis using multiplex real time PCR for detection of diarrheagenic E. coli. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1915–1917.
-
23.
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 2008. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Eighteenth Informational Supplement. M100-S18. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
-
24.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. Revised classification systems for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR 43: 1–19.
-
25.
Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Perú, 2009. Situación del VIH/SIDA en el Peru. Boletín Epidemiológico Mensual.
-
26.
Ochoa TJ, Ecker L, Barletta F, Mispireta M, Gil AI, Contreras C, Molina M, Amemiya I, Verastegui H, Hall ER, Cleary TG, Lanata LF, 2009. Age-related susceptibility to infection with diarrheagenic E. coli in infants from Periurban areas of Lima, Peru. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1694–1702.
-
27.
Huang DB, Okhuysen PC, Jiang ZD, DuPont HL, 2004. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: an emerging enteric pathogen. Am J Gastroenterol 99: 383–389.
-
28.
Lanata CF, Mendoza W, Black RE, 2002. Improving Diarrhoea Estimates. Available at: http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/pdfs/improving_diarrhoea_estimates.pdf.
-
29.
Ochoa TJ, Salazar-Lindo E, Cleary TG, 2004. Management of children with infection-associated persistent diarrhea. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 15: 229–236.
-
30.
Kotloff KL, Johnson JP, Nair P, Hickman D, Lippincott P, Wilson PD, Clemens JD, 1994. Diarrheal morbidity during the first 2 years of life among HIV-infected infants. JAMA 271: 448–452.
-
31.
Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J, Molina M, Del Valle LJ, Vargas M, Gil AI, Ecker L, Barletta F, Hall E, Cleary TG, Lanata CF, 2009. High frequency of antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli in Peruvian infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 296–301.
-
32.
Raju B, Ballal M, 2009. Multidrug resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli diarrhoea in rural southern Indian population. Scand J Infect Dis 41: 105–108.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 311 | 270 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 344 | 11 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 120 | 12 | 1 |