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1.
WHO, 2017. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 92: 594–607.
-
2.
Shenoy RK, 2008. Clinical and pathological aspects of filarial lymphedema and its management. Korean J Parasitol 46: 119–125.
-
3.
GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, 2017. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2013; 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390: 1260–1344.
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4.
World Health Organization, 2011. Lymphatic Filariasis: Monitoring and Epidemiological Assessment of Mass Drug Administration: A Manual for National Elimination Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/2011.4.
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5.
Kwan-Lim GE, Forsyth KP, Maizels RM, 1990. Filarial-specific IgG4 response correlates with active Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Immunol 145: 4298–4305.
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6.
Dewi RM, Tuti S, Ganefa S, Anwar C, Larasati R, Ariyanti E, Herjati H, Brady M, 2015. Brugia rapid antibody responses in communities of Indonesia in relation to the results of 'transmission assessment surveys' (TAS) for the lymphatic filariasis elimination program. Parasit Vectors 8: 499.
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7.
Noordin R, Mohd Zain SN, Yunus MH, Sahimin N, 2017. Seroprevalence of lymphatic filariasis among migrant workers in Peninsular Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 111: 370–372.
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8.
Vythilingam I, 2012. Plasmodium knowlesi and Wuchereria bancrofti: their vectors and challenges for the future. Front Physiol 3: 115.
-
9.
Ismail MM, Weil GJ, Jayasinghe KS, Premaratne UN, Abeyewickreme W, Rajaratnam HN, Sheriff MH, Perera CS, Dissanaike AS, 1996. Prolonged clearance of microfilaraemia in patients with bancroftian filariasis after multiple high doses of ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 684–688.
-
10.
Won KY, Sambou S, Barry A, Robinson K, Jaye M, Sanneh B, Sanyang A, Gass K, Lammie PJ, Rebollo M, 2018. Use of antibody tools to provide serologic evidence of elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the Gambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 15–20.
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11.
Gass K et al. 2012. A multicenter evaluation of diagnostic tools to define endpoints for programs to eliminate bancroftian filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1479.
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12.
Washington CH et al. 2004. Spatial clustering of filarial transmission before and after a mass drug administration in a setting of low infection prevalence. Filaria J 3: 3.
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13.
Won KY et al. 2018. Comparison of antigen and antibody responses in repeat lymphatic filariasis transmission assessment surveys in American Samoa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006347.
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Weil GJ, Ramzy RM, 2007. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol 23: 78–82.
-
15.
Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ, 2006. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet 367: 992–999.
-
16.
Steel C, Golden A, Kubofcik J, LaRue N, de los Santos T, Domingo GJ, Nutman TB, 2013. Rapid Wuchereria bancrofti-specific antigen Wb123-based IgG4 immunoassays as tools for surveillance following mass drug administration programs on lymphatic filariasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20: 1155–1161.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 410 | 341 | 39 |
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Laboratory Evaluation of a Rapid IgG4 Antibody Test (BLF Rapid™) for Bancroftian Filariasis
Rahmah Noordin
Rahmah Noordin
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
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Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
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Keri Robinson
Keri Robinson
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Kimberly Y. Won
Kimberly Y. Won
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Subash Babu
Subash Babu
National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India;
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Peter U. Fischer
Peter U. Fischer
Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
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Shamilah Hisam
Shamilah Hisam
Parasitology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Rohela Mahmud
Rohela Mahmud
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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At the end phase of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, antibody testing may have a role in decision-making for bancroftian filariasis–endemic areas. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of BLF Rapid™, a prototype immunochromatographic IgG4-based test using BmSXP recombinant protein, for detection of bancroftian filariasis. The test was evaluated using 258 serum samples, comprising 96 samples tested at Universiti Sains Malaysia (in-house) and 162 samples tested independently at three international laboratories in the USA and India, and two laboratories in Malaysia. The independent testing involved 99 samples from Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria or antigen positive individuals and 63 samples from people who were healthy or had other infections. The in-house evaluation showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The independent evaluations showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 84–100% and 100% specificity (excluding non-lymphatic filarial infections). BLF Rapid has potential as a surveillance diagnostic tool to make “Transmission Assessment Survey”–stopping decisions and conduct post-elimination surveillance.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by USM APEX DE 2012 grant [1002/CIPPM/910316], and additional funding was obtained from the Malaysian Ministry of Education through the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence Program [HICoE grant no. 311/CIPPM/4401005].
Authors’ addresses: Rahmah Noordin and Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, E-mails: rahmah8485@gmail.com and mhn1016@yahoo.com. Keri Robinson and Kimberly Y. Won, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: yly4@cdc.gov and kfw7@cdc.gov. Subash Babu, National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India, E-mail: sbabu@nirt.res.in. Peter U. Fischer, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, E-mail: pufischer@wustl.edu. Shamilah Hisam, Parasitology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mail: shamilah@imr.gov.my. Rohela Mahmud, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mail: rohela@ummc.edu.my.
Disclosure: R. N. is named as an inventor in a patent application related to the BmSXP recombinant protein.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2017. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 92: 594–607.
-
2.
Shenoy RK, 2008. Clinical and pathological aspects of filarial lymphedema and its management. Korean J Parasitol 46: 119–125.
-
3.
GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, 2017. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2013; 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390: 1260–1344.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2011. Lymphatic Filariasis: Monitoring and Epidemiological Assessment of Mass Drug Administration: A Manual for National Elimination Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/2011.4.
-
5.
Kwan-Lim GE, Forsyth KP, Maizels RM, 1990. Filarial-specific IgG4 response correlates with active Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Immunol 145: 4298–4305.
-
6.
Dewi RM, Tuti S, Ganefa S, Anwar C, Larasati R, Ariyanti E, Herjati H, Brady M, 2015. Brugia rapid antibody responses in communities of Indonesia in relation to the results of 'transmission assessment surveys' (TAS) for the lymphatic filariasis elimination program. Parasit Vectors 8: 499.
-
7.
Noordin R, Mohd Zain SN, Yunus MH, Sahimin N, 2017. Seroprevalence of lymphatic filariasis among migrant workers in Peninsular Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 111: 370–372.
-
8.
Vythilingam I, 2012. Plasmodium knowlesi and Wuchereria bancrofti: their vectors and challenges for the future. Front Physiol 3: 115.
-
9.
Ismail MM, Weil GJ, Jayasinghe KS, Premaratne UN, Abeyewickreme W, Rajaratnam HN, Sheriff MH, Perera CS, Dissanaike AS, 1996. Prolonged clearance of microfilaraemia in patients with bancroftian filariasis after multiple high doses of ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 684–688.
-
10.
Won KY, Sambou S, Barry A, Robinson K, Jaye M, Sanneh B, Sanyang A, Gass K, Lammie PJ, Rebollo M, 2018. Use of antibody tools to provide serologic evidence of elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the Gambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 15–20.
-
11.
Gass K et al. 2012. A multicenter evaluation of diagnostic tools to define endpoints for programs to eliminate bancroftian filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1479.
-
12.
Washington CH et al. 2004. Spatial clustering of filarial transmission before and after a mass drug administration in a setting of low infection prevalence. Filaria J 3: 3.
-
13.
Won KY et al. 2018. Comparison of antigen and antibody responses in repeat lymphatic filariasis transmission assessment surveys in American Samoa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006347.
-
14.
Weil GJ, Ramzy RM, 2007. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol 23: 78–82.
-
15.
Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ, 2006. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet 367: 992–999.
-
16.
Steel C, Golden A, Kubofcik J, LaRue N, de los Santos T, Domingo GJ, Nutman TB, 2013. Rapid Wuchereria bancrofti-specific antigen Wb123-based IgG4 immunoassays as tools for surveillance following mass drug administration programs on lymphatic filariasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20: 1155–1161.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 410 | 341 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 533 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 192 | 11 | 0 |