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Genetic Differentiation of Glossina pallidipes Tsetse Flies in Southern Kenya
Winnie A. Okeyo
Winnie A. Okeyo
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya;
Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya;
Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya;
Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Norah P. Saarman
Norah P. Saarman
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Rosemary Bateta
Rosemary Bateta
Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya;
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Kirstin Dion
Kirstin Dion
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Michael Mengual
Michael Mengual
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Paul O. Mireji
Paul O. Mireji
Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya;
Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
Center for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
Center for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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Collins Ouma
Collins Ouma
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya;
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Sylvance Okoth
Sylvance Okoth
Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya;
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Grace Murilla
Grace Murilla
Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya;
Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Serap Aksoy
Serap Aksoy
Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Adalgisa Caccone
Adalgisa Caccone
Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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The tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes, the major vector of the parasite that causes animal African trypanosomiasis in Kenya, has been subject to intense control measures with only limited success. The G. pallidipes population dynamics and dispersal patterns that underlie limited success in vector control campaigns remain unresolved, and knowledge on genetic connectivity can provide insights, and thereby improve control and monitoring efforts. We therefore investigated the population structure and estimated migration and demographic parameters in G. pallidipes using genotypic data from 11 microsatellite loci scored in 250 tsetse flies collected from eight localities in Kenya. Clustering analysis identified two genetically distinct eastern and western clusters (mean between-cluster FST = 0.202) separated by the Great Rift Valley. We also found evidence of admixture and migration between the eastern and western clusters, isolation by distance, and a widespread signal of inbreeding. We detected differences in population dynamics and dispersal patterns between the western and eastern clusters. These included lower genetic diversity (allelic richness; 7.48 versus 10.99), higher relatedness (percent related individuals; 21.4% versus 9.1%), and greater genetic differentiation (mean within-cluster FST; 0.183 versus 0.018) in the western than the eastern cluster. Findings are consistent with the presence of smaller, less well-connected populations in Western relative to eastern Kenya. These data suggest that recent anthropogenic influences such as land use changes and vector control programs have influenced population dynamics in G. pallidipes in Kenya, and that vector control efforts should include some region-specific strategies to effectively control this disease vector.
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Author Notes
Financial support: NIH Grant no. U01 AI115648; NIH-Fogarty Global Infectious Diseases Training Grant (D43TW007391).
Authors’ addresses: Winnie A. Okeyo, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya, Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya, and Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, E-mail: okeyo.winnie@gmail.com. Norah P. Saarman, Kirstin Dion, Michael Mengual, and Adalgisa Caccone, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, E-mails: norah.saarman@yale.edu, kirstin.dion@yale.edu, michael.mengual@yale.edu, and adalgisa.caccone@yale.edu. Rosemary Bateta, Sylvance Okoth, and Grace Murilla, Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: batetarw@yahoo.com, sokotho@gmail.com, and gmurilla@yahoo.co.uk. Paul O. Mireji, Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya, and Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, E-mail: mireji.paul@gmail.com. Collins Ouma, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mail: profcollinsouma@gmail.com. Serap Aksoy, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, E-mail: serap.aksoy@yale.edu.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
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-
1.
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-
2.
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3.
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-
4.
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-
5.
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7.
Aksoy S, 2003. Control of tsetse flies and trypanosomes using molecular genetics. Vet Parasitol 115: 125–145.
-
8.
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11.
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-
12.
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-
13.
Aksoy S, Caccone A, Galvani AP, Okedi LM, 2013. Glossina fuscipes populations provide insights for human African trypanosomiasis transmission in Uganda. Trends Parasitol 29: 394–406.
-
14.
Brightwell R, Dransfield R, 1997. Odour attractants for tsetse: Glossina austeni, G. brevipalpis and G. swynnertoni. Med Vet Entomol 11: 297–299.
-
15.
Dransfield RD, Brightwell R, Kyorku C, Williams B, 1990. Control of tsetsefly (Diptera: Glossinidae) populations using traps at Nguruman, south-west Kenya. Bull Entomol Res 265–276.
-
16.
Echessah PN, Swallow BM, Kamara DW, Curry JJ, 1997. Willingness to contribute labor and money to tsetse control: application of contingent valuation in Busia District, Kenya. World Dev 25: 239–253.
-
17.
Maudlin I, 2006. African trypanosomiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100: 679–701.
-
18.
Muriuki GW, Njoka TJ, Reid RS, Nyariki DM, 2005. Tsetse control and land-use change in Lambwe valley, south-western Kenya. Agric Ecosyst Environ 106: 99–107.
-
19.
Schofield CJ, Kabayo JP, 2008. Trypanosomiasis vector control in Africa and Latin America. Parasit Vectors 1: 24.
-
20.
Torr SJ, Hargrove JW, Vale GA, 2005. Towards a rational policy for dealing with tsetse. Trends Parasitol 21: 537–541.
-
21.
Vreysen MJ, 2001. Principles of area-wide integrated tsetse fly control using the sterile insect technique. Med Trop (Mars) 61: 397–411.
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