ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Zuckerman JN, Rombo L, Fisch A, 2007. The true burden and risk of cholera: implications for prevention and control. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 521–530.
-
2.
Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB, 2009. Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1473–1479.
-
3.
Sinclair GS, Mphahlele M, Duvenhage H, Nichol R, Whitehorn A, Kustner HG, 1982. Determination of the mode of transmission of cholera in Lebowa. An epidemiological investigation. S Afr Med J 62: 753–755.
-
4.
Acosta CJ, Galindo CM, Kimario J, Senkoro K, Urassa H, Casals C, Corachán M, Eseko N, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Lwilla F, Vila J, Alonso PL, 2001. Cholera outbreak in southern Tanzania: risk factors and patterns of transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (Suppl): 583–587.
-
5.
Hughes JM, Boyce JM, Levine RJ, Khan M, Aziz KM, Huq MI, Curlin GT, 1982. Epidemiology of eltor cholera in rural Bangladesh: importance of surface water in transmission. Bull World Health Organ 60: 395–404.
-
6.
Swerdlow DL, Malenga G, Begkoyian G, Nyangulu D, Toole M, Waldman RJ, Puhr DN, Tauxe RV, 1997. Epidemic cholera among refugees in Malawi, Africa: treatment and transmission. Epidemiol Infect 118: 207–214.
-
7.
Holmberg SD, Harris JR, Kay DE, Hargrett NT, Parker RD, Kansou N, Rao NU, Blake PA, 1984. Foodborne transmission of cholera in Micronesian households. Lancet 1: 325–328.
-
8.
Hutin Y, Luby S, Paquet C, 2003. A large cholera outbreak in Kano City, Nigeria: the importance of hand washing with soap and the danger of street-vended water. J Water Health 1: 45–52.
-
9.
Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Logvinenko T, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, 2008. Susceptibility to Vibrio cholerae infection in a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e221.
-
10.
Spira WM, Khan MU, Saeed YA, Sattar MA, 1980. Microbiological surveillance of intra-neighbourhood E1 Tor cholera transmission in rural Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 58: 731–740.
-
11.
Mosley WH, Ahmad S, Benenson AS, Ahmed A, 1968. The relationship of vibriocidal antibody titre to susceptibility to cholera in family contacts of cholera patients. Bull World Health Organ 38: 777–785.
-
12.
Glass RI, Svennerholm AM, Khan MR, Huda S, Huq MI, Holmgren J, 1985. Seroepidemiological studies of El Tor cholera in Bangladesh: association of serum antibody levels with protection. J Infect Dis 151: 236–242.
-
13.
George CM, Monira S, Sack DA, Rashid MU, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Mahmud T, Rahman Z, Mustafiz M, Bhuyian SI, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Perin J, Begum F, Zohura F, Biswas S, Parvin T, Zhang X, Jung D, Sack RB, Alam M, 2016. Randomized controlled trial of hospital-based hygiene and water treatment intervention (CHoBI7) to reduce cholera. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 233–241.
-
14.
George CM, Jung DS, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Monira S, Sack DA, Rashid M, Mahmud MT, Mustafiz M, Rahman Z, Bhuyian SI, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Perin J, Begum F, Zohura F, Biswas S, Parvin T, Sack RB, Alam M, 2016. Sustained uptake of a hospital-based handwashing with soap and water treatment intervention (cholera-hospital-based intervention for 7 days [CHoBI7]): a randomized controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 428–436.
-
15.
Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Parvin T, Bhuyian SI, Zohura F, Begum F, Rashid M, Biswas SK, Sack D, Sack RB, Monira S, Alam M, Shaly NJ, George CM, 2016. Promotion of cholera awareness among households of cholera patients: a randomized controlled trial of the CHoBI7 intervention. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 1292–1298.
-
16.
Bhuiyan NA, Qadri F, Faruque AS, Malek MA, Salam MA, Nato F, Fournier JM, Chanteau S, Sack DA, Balakrish Nair G, 2003. Use of dipsticks for rapid diagnosis of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 from rectal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 41: 3939–3941.
-
17.
Nato F, Boutonnier A, Rajerison M, Grosjean P, Dartevelle S, Guénolé A, Bhuiyan NA, Sack DA, Nair GB, Fournier JM, Chanteau S, 2003. One-step immunochromatographic dipstick tests for rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in stool samples. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10: 476–478.
-
18.
Page AL, Alberti KP, Mondonge V, Rauzier J, Quilici ML, Guerin PJ, 2012. Evaluation of a rapid test for the diagnosis of cholera in the absence of a gold standard. PLoS One 7: e37360.
-
19.
Harris JR, Cavallaro EC, de Nobrega AA, Dos S, Barrado JC, Bopp C, Parsons MB, Djalo D, Fonseca FG, Ba U, Semedo A, Sobel J, Mintz ED, 2009. Field evaluation of crystal VC Rapid Dipstick test for cholera during a cholera outbreak in Guinea-Bissau. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1117–1121.
-
20.
WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Third Edition incorporating the First and Second Addenda-Volume 1 Recommendations. Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf. Accessed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
21.
Liang KY, Zeger S, 1986. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73: 13–22.
-
22.
Rashid MU, George CM, Monira S, Mahmud T, Rahman Z, Mustafiz M, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Parvin T, Bhuyian SI, Zohura F, Begum F, Biswas SK, Akhter S, Zhang X, Sack D, Sack RB, Alam M, 2016. Chlorination of household drinking water among cholera patients' households to prevent transmission of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Dhaka City: CHoBI7 trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 1299–1304.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 1996. Chlorine in Drinking-Water: Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2nd edition. Rep no WHO/SDE/WSH/03 04/45. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
24.
Glass RI, Becker S, Huq MI, Stoll BJ, Khan MU, Merson MH, Lee JV, Black RE, 1982. Endemic cholera in rural Bangladesh, 1966–1980. Am J Epidemiol 116: 959–970.
-
25.
St Louis ME, Porter JD, Helal A, Drame K, Hargrett-Bean N, Wells JG, Tauxe RV, 1990. Epidemic cholera in west Africa: the role of food handling and high-risk foods. Am J Epidemiol 131: 719–728.
-
26.
Pickering AJ, Julian TR, Mamuya S, Boehm AB, Davis J, 2011. Bacterial hand contamination among Tanzanian mothers varies temporally and following household activities. Trop Med Int Health 16: 233–239.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 768 | 679 | 81 |
| Full Text Views | 687 | 22 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 324 | 15 | 0 |
Risk Factors for Household Transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Trial)
Vanessa Burrowes
Vanessa Burrowes
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Jamie Perin
Jamie Perin
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Shirajum Monira
Shirajum Monira
Department of International Health, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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David A. Sack
David A. Sack
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Mahamud-ur Rashid
Mahamud-ur Rashid
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Toslim Mahamud
Toslim Mahamud
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Zillur Rahman
Zillur Rahman
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Munshi Mustafiz
Munshi Mustafiz
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Sazzadul I. Bhuyian
Sazzadul I. Bhuyian
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Farzana Begum
Farzana Begum
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Fatema Zohura
Fatema Zohura
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Shwapon Biswas
Shwapon Biswas
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Tahmina Parvin
Tahmina Parvin
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Tasdik Hasan
Tasdik Hasan
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Xiaotong Zhang
Xiaotong Zhang
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Bradley R. Sack
Bradley R. Sack
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman
K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman
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Munirul Alam
Munirul Alam
Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Christine Marie George
Christine Marie George
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Household contacts of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of a Vibrio cholerae infection than the general population. To examine risk factors for V. cholerae infections and investigate intervention strategies among this population, we followed household contacts of cholera patients for the 1-week high-risk period after the index patient obtained care. This study was nested within a randomized controlled trial of the Cholera-Hospital-Based-Intervention-for-7-days (CHoBI7), a handwashing with soap and water treatment intervention in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Rectal swab results were available from 320 household contacts of cholera patients at five time points over a 1-week period. Fecal and water samples were analyzed for V. cholerae by bacterial culture. All analyses were stratified by study arm. Within the intervention arm, stored household drinking water with a median free chlorine concentration below 0.5 mg/L was associated with a three times higher odds of a cholera infection (odds ratio [OR]: 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32, 6.63). In the control arm, having V. cholerae in stored water was associated with a significantly higher odds of a symptomatic cholera infection (OR: 8.66; 95% CI: 2.11, 35.48). No association was found between observed handwashing with soap at food and stool-related events and V. cholerae infections. Stored household drinking water with detectable V. cholerae and chlorine concentrations below the World Health Organization guideline were found to be important risk factors for cholera infection among household contacts of cholera patients. These findings emphasize the need for water treatment interventions targeting this high risk population.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was supported by the Center for Global Health at Johns Hopkins University and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, the Rangpur Medical College Hospital, and icddr,b. Thanks to the governments of Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Sweden, and United Kingdom for providing core/unrestricted support.
Authors' addresses: Vanessa Burrowes, Jamie Perin, David A. Sack, Xiaotong Zhang, Bradley R. Sack, and Christine M. George, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mails: vburrow1@jhmi.edu, jperin@jhu.edu, dsack@jhsph.edu, xzhang75@jhmi.edu, rsack@jhsph.edu, and cgeorg19@jhu.edu. Shirajum Monira, Department of International Health, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: smonira@icddrb.org. Mahamud-ur Rashid, Toslim Mahamud, Munshi Mustafiz, Shwapon Biswas, and Tasdik Hasan, Center for Communicable Diseases, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: palash1898@gmail.com, palashmahmud@ymail.com, rimonstate@gmail.com, drskbiswas2004@yahoo.com, and tasdik@icddrb.org. Zillur Rahman, Sazzadul I. Bhuyian, Farzana Begum, Fatema Zohura, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, and Munirul Alam, CDC–International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: zillur.rahman@icddrb.org, sazzadul.islam@icddrb.org, farzanab@icddrb.org, fzohura@icddrb.org, su.rahman@icddrb.org, and munirul@icddrb.org. Tahmina Parvin, Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: tparvin@icddrb.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Zuckerman JN, Rombo L, Fisch A, 2007. The true burden and risk of cholera: implications for prevention and control. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 521–530.
-
2.
Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB, 2009. Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1473–1479.
-
3.
Sinclair GS, Mphahlele M, Duvenhage H, Nichol R, Whitehorn A, Kustner HG, 1982. Determination of the mode of transmission of cholera in Lebowa. An epidemiological investigation. S Afr Med J 62: 753–755.
-
4.
Acosta CJ, Galindo CM, Kimario J, Senkoro K, Urassa H, Casals C, Corachán M, Eseko N, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Lwilla F, Vila J, Alonso PL, 2001. Cholera outbreak in southern Tanzania: risk factors and patterns of transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (Suppl): 583–587.
-
5.
Hughes JM, Boyce JM, Levine RJ, Khan M, Aziz KM, Huq MI, Curlin GT, 1982. Epidemiology of eltor cholera in rural Bangladesh: importance of surface water in transmission. Bull World Health Organ 60: 395–404.
-
6.
Swerdlow DL, Malenga G, Begkoyian G, Nyangulu D, Toole M, Waldman RJ, Puhr DN, Tauxe RV, 1997. Epidemic cholera among refugees in Malawi, Africa: treatment and transmission. Epidemiol Infect 118: 207–214.
-
7.
Holmberg SD, Harris JR, Kay DE, Hargrett NT, Parker RD, Kansou N, Rao NU, Blake PA, 1984. Foodborne transmission of cholera in Micronesian households. Lancet 1: 325–328.
-
8.
Hutin Y, Luby S, Paquet C, 2003. A large cholera outbreak in Kano City, Nigeria: the importance of hand washing with soap and the danger of street-vended water. J Water Health 1: 45–52.
-
9.
Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Logvinenko T, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, 2008. Susceptibility to Vibrio cholerae infection in a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e221.
-
10.
Spira WM, Khan MU, Saeed YA, Sattar MA, 1980. Microbiological surveillance of intra-neighbourhood E1 Tor cholera transmission in rural Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 58: 731–740.
-
11.
Mosley WH, Ahmad S, Benenson AS, Ahmed A, 1968. The relationship of vibriocidal antibody titre to susceptibility to cholera in family contacts of cholera patients. Bull World Health Organ 38: 777–785.
-
12.
Glass RI, Svennerholm AM, Khan MR, Huda S, Huq MI, Holmgren J, 1985. Seroepidemiological studies of El Tor cholera in Bangladesh: association of serum antibody levels with protection. J Infect Dis 151: 236–242.
-
13.
George CM, Monira S, Sack DA, Rashid MU, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Mahmud T, Rahman Z, Mustafiz M, Bhuyian SI, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Perin J, Begum F, Zohura F, Biswas S, Parvin T, Zhang X, Jung D, Sack RB, Alam M, 2016. Randomized controlled trial of hospital-based hygiene and water treatment intervention (CHoBI7) to reduce cholera. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 233–241.
-
14.
George CM, Jung DS, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Monira S, Sack DA, Rashid M, Mahmud MT, Mustafiz M, Rahman Z, Bhuyian SI, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Perin J, Begum F, Zohura F, Biswas S, Parvin T, Sack RB, Alam M, 2016. Sustained uptake of a hospital-based handwashing with soap and water treatment intervention (cholera-hospital-based intervention for 7 days [CHoBI7]): a randomized controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 428–436.
-
15.
Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Parvin T, Bhuyian SI, Zohura F, Begum F, Rashid M, Biswas SK, Sack D, Sack RB, Monira S, Alam M, Shaly NJ, George CM, 2016. Promotion of cholera awareness among households of cholera patients: a randomized controlled trial of the CHoBI7 intervention. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 1292–1298.
-
16.
Bhuiyan NA, Qadri F, Faruque AS, Malek MA, Salam MA, Nato F, Fournier JM, Chanteau S, Sack DA, Balakrish Nair G, 2003. Use of dipsticks for rapid diagnosis of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 from rectal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 41: 3939–3941.
-
17.
Nato F, Boutonnier A, Rajerison M, Grosjean P, Dartevelle S, Guénolé A, Bhuiyan NA, Sack DA, Nair GB, Fournier JM, Chanteau S, 2003. One-step immunochromatographic dipstick tests for rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in stool samples. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10: 476–478.
-
18.
Page AL, Alberti KP, Mondonge V, Rauzier J, Quilici ML, Guerin PJ, 2012. Evaluation of a rapid test for the diagnosis of cholera in the absence of a gold standard. PLoS One 7: e37360.
-
19.
Harris JR, Cavallaro EC, de Nobrega AA, Dos S, Barrado JC, Bopp C, Parsons MB, Djalo D, Fonseca FG, Ba U, Semedo A, Sobel J, Mintz ED, 2009. Field evaluation of crystal VC Rapid Dipstick test for cholera during a cholera outbreak in Guinea-Bissau. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1117–1121.
-
20.
WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Third Edition incorporating the First and Second Addenda-Volume 1 Recommendations. Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf. Accessed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
21.
Liang KY, Zeger S, 1986. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73: 13–22.
-
22.
Rashid MU, George CM, Monira S, Mahmud T, Rahman Z, Mustafiz M, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Parvin T, Bhuyian SI, Zohura F, Begum F, Biswas SK, Akhter S, Zhang X, Sack D, Sack RB, Alam M, 2016. Chlorination of household drinking water among cholera patients' households to prevent transmission of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Dhaka City: CHoBI7 trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 1299–1304.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 1996. Chlorine in Drinking-Water: Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2nd edition. Rep no WHO/SDE/WSH/03 04/45. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
24.
Glass RI, Becker S, Huq MI, Stoll BJ, Khan MU, Merson MH, Lee JV, Black RE, 1982. Endemic cholera in rural Bangladesh, 1966–1980. Am J Epidemiol 116: 959–970.
-
25.
St Louis ME, Porter JD, Helal A, Drame K, Hargrett-Bean N, Wells JG, Tauxe RV, 1990. Epidemic cholera in west Africa: the role of food handling and high-risk foods. Am J Epidemiol 131: 719–728.
-
26.
Pickering AJ, Julian TR, Mamuya S, Boehm AB, Davis J, 2011. Bacterial hand contamination among Tanzanian mothers varies temporally and following household activities. Trop Med Int Health 16: 233–239.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 768 | 679 | 81 |
| Full Text Views | 687 | 22 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 324 | 15 | 0 |