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RefWorks
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Zotero
EndNote
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Oldroyd JC, Heald A, Bansal N, Vyas A, Siddals K, Gibson M, Clayton P, Cruickshank JK, 2009. Inflammatory markers and growth in south Asian and European origin infants in Britain: the Manchester Children's Growth and Vascular Health Study. Atherosclerosis 207: 227–231.
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Predictors of Inflammation in a Cohort of Bolivian Infants and Toddlers
Rachel M. Burke
Rachel M. Burke
Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Parminder S. Suchdev
Parminder S. Suchdev
Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Nutrition Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Paulina A. Rebolledo
Paulina A. Rebolledo
Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Anna M. Fabiszewski de Aceituno
Anna M. Fabiszewski de Aceituno
Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Rita Revollo
Rita Revollo
Servicio Departamental de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia.
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Volga Iñiguez
Volga Iñiguez
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia.
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Mitchel Klein
Mitchel Klein
Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Carolyn Drews-Botsch
Carolyn Drews-Botsch
Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Juan S. Leon
Juan S. Leon
Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Inflammation has been associated with cardiovascular disease and other health outcomes in children and adults, yet few longitudinal data are available on prevalence and predictors of inflammation in infants. We aimed to identify the prevalence of inflammation in a cohort of Bolivian infants and estimate its association with acute (recent illnesses) and chronic (overweight, stunting) morbidities and potential pathogen exposure (represented by water, sanitation, and hygiene [WASH] resources). We measured plasma concentrations of two acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein [CRP], marking acute inflammation, and alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein [AGP], marking chronic inflammation) at three time points (target 2, 6–8, and 12–18 months). Of 451 singleton infants enrolled in the parent study, 272 had the first blood draw and complete data. Anthropometry and sociodemographic and recent illness data (2-week recall of cough, diarrhea, and fever) were collected at each visit. Inflammation was defined as CRP > 5 mg/L or AGP > 1 g/L. The prevalence of inflammation increased from early infancy (3% at first blood draw) to later infancy (15–22% at later blood draws). Recent cough, recent fever, and age in months were significantly associated with relative increases in CRP (7–44%) and AGP (5–23%), whereas recent diarrhea was only significantly associated with an increase in CRP (48%). Neither anthropometry nor WASH was significantly associated with inflammation. Results confirm the role of recent acute illness in inflammation in infants, and indicate that adiposity and WASH are not as important to inflammation in this age category.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported in part by NIH-NIAID K01 grant (1K01AI087724-01) grant; PHS Grant UL1 TR000454 from the Clinical and Translational Science Award Program, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resource; the Emory + Children's Pediatric Center Seed Grant Program; the National Institutes of Health/NIAID grant U19-AI057266; the International Collaborative Award for Research from the International Pediatric Research Foundation; the Laney Graduate School of Emory University; NIH T32 training grant in reproductive, pediatric and perinatal epidemiology (HD052460-01); Burroughs Wellcome Fund's Molecules to Mankind Program (M2M); and the NIH T32 Vaccinology Training Program (T32AI074492).
Authors' addresses: Rachel M. Burke, Paulina A. Rebolledo, Anna M. Fabiszewski de Aceituno, Mitchel Klein, Carolyn Drews-Botsch, and Juan S. Leon, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: rachel.m.burke@gmail.com, preboll@emory.edu, anna.m.aceituno@gmail.com, mklein@emory.edu, cdrews@emory.edu, and juan.leon@emory.edu. Parminder S. Suchdev, Nutrition Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: psuchde@emory.edu. Rita Revollo, Servicio Departamental de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia, E-mail: ritarevollom@hotmail.com. Volga Iñiguez, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia, E-mail: volgavir@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM, 2003. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest 111: 1805–1812.
-
2.
Pai JK, Pischon T, Ma J, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Joshipura K, Curhan GC, Rifai N, Cannuscio CC, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, 2004. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. N Engl J Med 351: 2599–2610.
-
3.
Koenig W, 2013. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and atherosclerotic disease: from improved risk prediction to risk-guided therapy. Int J Cardiol 168: 5126–5134.
-
4.
Reus GZ, Fries GR, Stertz L, Badawy M, Passos IC, Barichello T, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J, 2015. The role of inflammation and microglial activation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience 300: 141–154.
-
5.
Furtado M, Katzman MA, 2015. Examining the role of neuroinflammation in major depression. Psychiatry Res 229: 27–36.
-
6.
Kosek M, Haque R, Lima A, Babji S, Shrestha S, Qureshi S, Amidou S, Mduma E, Lee G, Yori PP, Guerrant RL, Bhutta Z, Mason C, Kang G, Kabir M, Amour C, Bessong P, Turab A, Seidman J, Olortegui MP, Quetz J, Lang D, Gratz J, Miller M, Gottlieb M; MAL-ED Network, 2013. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and permeability associated with the subsequent acquisition of linear growth deficits in infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 390–396.
-
7.
Garcia-Anguita A, Kakourou A, Tsilidis KK, 2015. Biomarkers of inflammation and immune function and risk of colorectal cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 11: 250–258.
-
8.
Rivas-Fuentes S, Salgado-Aguayo A, Pertuz Belloso S, Gorocica Rosete P, Alvarado-Vasquez N, Aquino-Jarquin G, 2015. Role of chemokines in non-small cell lung cancer: angiogenesis and inflammation. J Cancer 6: 938–952.
-
9.
Thurnham D, McCabe G, 2012. Influence of infection and inflammation on biomarkers of nutritional status with an emphasis on vitamin A and iron. World Health Organization, ed. Report: Priorities in the Assessment of Vitamin A and Iron Status in Populations, Panama City, Panama, 15–17 September 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
10.
Rytter MJ, Kolte L, Briend A, Friis H, Christensen VB, 2014. The immune system in children with malnutrition: a systematic review. PLoS One 9: e105017.
-
11.
Fagundes CP, Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, 2013. Stressful early life experiences and immune dysregulation across the lifespan. Brain Behav Immun 27: 8–12.
-
12.
Raiten DJ, Sakr Ashour FA, Ross AC, Meydani SN, Dawson HD, Stephensen CB, Brabin BJ, Suchdev PS, van Ommen B; INSPIRE Consultative Group, 2015. Inflammation and nutritional science for programs/policies and interpretation of research evidence (INSPIRE). J Nutr 145: 1039S–1108S.
-
13.
Berg AH, Scherer PE, 2005. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 96: 939–949.
-
14.
Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L, 2013. Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 14: 232–244.
-
15.
Warnberg J, Marcos A, 2008. Low-grade inflammation and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Lipidol 19: 11–15.
-
16.
Hadley C, Decaro JA, 2014. Testing hypothesized predictors of immune activation in Tanzanian infants and children: community, household, caretaker, and child effects. Am J Hum Biol 26: 523–529.
-
17.
Dowd JB, Zajacova A, Aiello AE, 2010. Predictors of inflammation in U.S. children aged 3–16 years. Am J Prev Med 39: 314–320.
-
18.
McDade TW, Leonard WR, Burhop J, Reyes-Garcia V, Vadez V, Huanca T, Godoy RA, 2005. Predictors of C-reactive protein in Tsimane' 2 to 15 year-olds in lowland Bolivia. Am J Phys Anthropol 128: 906–913.
-
19.
McDade TW, Rutherford JN, Adair L, Kuzawa C, 2009. Population differences in associations between C-reactive protein concentration and adiposity: comparison of young adults in the Philippines and the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 89: 1237–1245.
-
20.
Thompson AL, Houck KM, Adair L, Gordon-Larsen P, Du S, Zhang B, Popkin B, 2014. Pathogenic and obesogenic factors associated with inflammation in Chinese children, adolescents and adults. Am J Hum Biol 26: 18–28.
-
21.
Kelishadi R, Mirghaffari N, Poursafa P, Gidding SS, 2009. Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children. Atherosclerosis 203: 311–319.
-
22.
Shima M, 2007. Air pollution and serum C-reactive protein concentration in children. J Epidemiol 17: 169–176.
-
23.
Fujita M, Brindle E, Lo YJ, Castro P, Cameroamortegui F, 2014. Nutrient intakes associated with elevated serum C-reactive protein concentrations in normal to underweight breastfeeding women in northern Kenya. Am J Hum Biol 26: 796–802.
-
24.
Nazmi A, Oliveira IO, Victora CG, 2008. Correlates of C-reactive protein levels in young adults: a population-based cohort study of 3827 subjects in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 41: 357–367.
-
25.
Oldroyd JC, Heald A, Bansal N, Vyas A, Siddals K, Gibson M, Clayton P, Cruickshank JK, 2009. Inflammatory markers and growth in south Asian and European origin infants in Britain: the Manchester Children's Growth and Vascular Health Study. Atherosclerosis 207: 227–231.
-
26.
Blackwell C, Moscovis S, Hall S, Burns C, Scott RJ, 2015. Exploring the risk factors for sudden infant deaths and their role in inflammatory responses to infection. Front Immunol 6: 44.
-
27.
Prescott SL, 2013. Early-life environmental determinants of allergic diseases and the wider pandemic of inflammatory noncommunicable diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131: 23–30.
-
28.
Measure DHS Program, 2009. Encuesta Nacional de Demografiìa y Salud 2008. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, eds. La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes, Instituto Nacional de Estadística.
-
29.
Cuenca AG, Wynn JL, Moldawer LL, Levy O, 2013. Role of innate immunity in neonatal infection. Am J Perinatol 30: 105–112.
-
30.
Erhardt JG, Estes JE, Pfeiffer CM, Biesalski HK, Craft NE, 2004. Combined measurement of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, retinol binding protein, and C-reactive protein by an inexpensive, sensitive, and simple sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. J Nutr 134: 3127–3132.
-
31.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2010. WHO Growth Charts. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/who_charts.htm#. Accessed May 29, 2014.
-
32.
Thurnham DI, Mburu AS, Mwaniki DL, Muniu EM, Alumasa F, de Wagt A, 2008. Using plasma acute-phase protein concentrations to interpret nutritional biomarkers in apparently healthy HIV-1-seropositive Kenyan adults. Br J Nutr 100: 174–182.
-
33.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2008. Training Course on Child Growth Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
34.
Vyas S, Kumaranayake L, 2006. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan 21: 459–468.
-
35.
Kleinbaum DG, Klein M, Pryor ER, 2002. Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. New York, NY: Springer.
-
36.
R Core Team, 2015. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
-
37.
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S, 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67: 1–48.
-
38.
Johnson PC, 2014. Extension of Nakagawa and Schielzeth's RGLMM 2 to random slopes models. Methods Ecol Evol 5: 944–946.
-
39.
Nakagawa S, Schielzeth H, 2013. A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol Evol 4: 133–142.
-
40.
Carey VJ, 2015. gee: Generalized Estimation Equation Solver.
-
41.
Bertran N, Camps J, Fernandez-Ballart J, Arija V, Ferre N, Tous M, Simo D, Murphy MM, Vilella E, Joven J, 2005. Diet and lifestyle are associated with serum C-reactive protein concentrations in a population-based study. J Lab Clin Med 145: 41–46.
-
42.
Aeberli I, Molinari L, Spinas G, Lehmann R, l'Allemand D, Zimmermann MB, 2006. Dietary intakes of fat and antioxidant vitamins are predictors of subclinical inflammation in overweight Swiss children. Am J Clin Nutr 84: 748–755.
-
43.
Dayal D, Jain H, Attri SV, Bharti B, Bhalla AK, 2014. Relationship of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels to anthropometric and other metabolic parameters in Indian children with simple overweight and obesity. J Clin Diagn Res 8: PC05–PC08.
-
44.
Lambert M, Delvin EE, Paradis G, O'Loughlin J, Hanley JA, Levy E, 2004. C-reactive protein and features of the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of children and adolescents. Clin Chem 50: 1762–1768.
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