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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Burneo JG, Cavazos JE, 2014. Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 14: 23–28.
-
2.
Garcia HH, Nash TE, Del Brutto OH, 2014. Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Lancet Neurol 13: 1202–1215.
-
3.
Garg RK, Malhotra HS, 2012. Solitary cysticercus granuloma. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10: 597–612.
-
4.
Garg RK, 2002. Single enhancing computerized tomography-detected lesion in immunocompetent patients. Neurosurg Focus 12: e4.
-
5.
Murthy JM, Yangala R, Srinivas M, 1998. The syndromic classification of the International League Against Epilepsy: a hospital-based study from south India. Epilepsia 39: 48–54.
-
6.
Singhi PD, Baranwal AK, 2001. Single small enhancing computed tomographic lesions in Indian children—II. Clinical features, pathology, radiology and management. J Trop Pediatr 47: 266–270.
-
7.
Escobar A, 1983. The pathology of neurocysticercosis. Palacios E, Rodriguez-Carbajal I, Taveras J, eds. Cysticercosis of the Central Nervous System. Chicago, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 27–54.
-
8.
Garg RK, Nag D, 1998. Single enhancing CT lesions in Indian patients with seizures: clinical and radiological evaluation and follow up. J Trop Pediatr 44: 204–210.
-
9.
Sethi PK, Kumar BR, Madan VS, Mohan V, 1985. Appearing and disappearing CT scan abnormalities and seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48: 866–869.
-
10.
Sethi PP, Wadia RS, Kiyawat DP, Ichaporia NR, Kothari SS, Sangle SA, Wadhwa P, 1994. Ring or disc enhancing lesions in epilepsy in India. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 347–353.
-
11.
Rajshekhar V, 2001. Rate of spontaneous resolution of a solitary cysticercus granuloma in patients with seizures. Neurology 57: 2315–2317.
-
12.
Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ, 1997. Validation of diagnostic criteria for solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma in patients presenting with seizures. Acta Neurol Scand 96: 76–81.
-
13.
Chernov MF, Kubo O, Hayashi M, Izawa M, Maruyama T, Usukura M, Ono Y, Hori T, Takakura K, 2005. Proton MRS of the peritumoral brain. J Neurol Sci 228: 137–142.
-
14.
Rathore C, Thomas B, Kesavadas C, Abraham M, Radhakrishnan K, 2013. Calcified neurocysticercosis lesions and antiepileptic drug-resistant epilepsy: a surgically remediable syndrome? Epilepsia 54: 1815–1822.
-
15.
Nash TE, Bartelt LA, Korpe PS, Lopes B, Houpt ER, 2014. Calcified neurocysticercus, perilesional edema, and histologic inflammation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 318–321.
-
16.
Nash TE, Pretell EJ, Lescano AG, Bustos JA, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru, 2008. Perilesional brain oedema and seizure activity in patients with calcified neurocysticercosis: a prospective cohort and nested case-control study. Lancet Neurol 7: 1099–1105.
-
17.
Nash TE, Mahanty S, Loeb JA, Theodore WH, Friedman A, Sander JW, 2015. Neurocysticercosis: a natural human model of epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 56: 177–183.
-
18.
Gupta RK, Awasthi R, Rathore RK, Verma A, Sahoo P, Paliwal VK, Prasad KN, Pandey CM, Narayana PA, 2012. Understanding epileptogenesis in calcified neurocysticercosis with perfusion MRI. Neurology 78: 618–625.
-
19.
Lalla RS, Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Jain A, Verma R, Pandey CM, Singh GP, Sharma PK, 2015. Cytokines, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels in patients with a solitary cysticercus granuloma. Neurol India 63: 190–196.
-
20.
Restrepo BI, Alvarez JI, Castaño JA, Arias LF, Restrepo M, Trujillo J, Colegial CH, Teale JM, 2001. Brain granulomas in neurocysticercosis patients are associated with a Th1 and Th2 profile. Infect Immun 69: 4554–4560.
-
21.
Ooi WW, Wijemanne S, Thomas CB, Quezado M, Brown CR, Nash TE, 2011. A calcified Taenia solium granuloma associated with recurrent perilesional edema causing refractory seizures: histopathological features. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 460–463.
-
22.
Mitre E, Talaat KR, Sperling MR, Nash TE, 2007. Methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in complicated neurocysticercosis. Clin Infect Dis 44: 549–553.
-
23.
Zhao BC, Jiang HY, Ma WY, Jin DD, Li HM, Lu H, 2016. Albendazole and corticosteroids for the treatment of solitary cysticercus granuloma: a network meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004418.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 304 | 252 | 31 |
| Full Text Views | 520 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 272 | 10 | 1 |
Predictors of Lesion Calcification in Patients with Solitary Cysticercus Granuloma and New-Onset Seizures
Lalit Mahajan
Lalit Mahajan
Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India.
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Hardeep Singh Malhotra
Hardeep Singh Malhotra
Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India.
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Ravindra Kumar Garg
Ravindra Kumar Garg
Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India.
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Neeraj Kumar
Neeraj Kumar
Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India.
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Praveen Kumar Sharma
Praveen Kumar Sharma
Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India.
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Rajesh Verma
Rajesh Verma
Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India.
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Imran Rizvi
Imran Rizvi
Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India.
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Solitary cysticercus granuloma is a common neuroimaging abnormality in Indian patients with new-onset epilepsy. Calcific transformation of cysticercus granuloma is frequently associated with seizure recurrence. We evaluated predictors of lesion calcification in patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma and new-onset seizures. One hundred twenty-two patients, with new-onset seizures and a solitary cysticercus granuloma of the brain, were enrolled. All patients were clinically and radiologically evaluated and were treated with antiepileptic drug drugs. No patient received albendazole or corticosteroids. The follow-up period was of 1 year. Follow-up computed tomography was performed after 3 and 6 months. In 68 (54.8%) patients, solitary cysticercus granuloma had transformed into a calcified lesion. On logistic regression analysis, moderate-to-severe edema was a significant factor that predicted calcific transformation of the cysticercus granuloma (odds ratio: 3.325; 95% confidence interval: 1.502–7.362). During 1 year of follow-up, 19 (15.6%) patients experienced seizure recurrence. In 16 patients with seizure recurrence, cysticercus granuloma had transformed in to a calcified lesion. In conclusion, in solitary cysticercus granuloma, calcification of the lesion can be predicted if larger amount of perilesional edema is present. Calcification of the granuloma significantly predicts seizure recurrence.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Lalit Mahajan, Hardeep Singh Malhotra, Ravindra Kumar Garg, Neeraj Kumar, Praveen Kumar Sharma, Rajesh Verma, and Imran Rizvi, Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mails: lalitmahajan72@yahoo.in, drhsmalhotra@yahoo.com, garg50@yahoo.com, drneeraj2903@gmail.com, pspgimer@gmail.com, drrajeshverma32@yahoo.com, and imranrizvi09@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Burneo JG, Cavazos JE, 2014. Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 14: 23–28.
-
2.
Garcia HH, Nash TE, Del Brutto OH, 2014. Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Lancet Neurol 13: 1202–1215.
-
3.
Garg RK, Malhotra HS, 2012. Solitary cysticercus granuloma. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10: 597–612.
-
4.
Garg RK, 2002. Single enhancing computerized tomography-detected lesion in immunocompetent patients. Neurosurg Focus 12: e4.
-
5.
Murthy JM, Yangala R, Srinivas M, 1998. The syndromic classification of the International League Against Epilepsy: a hospital-based study from south India. Epilepsia 39: 48–54.
-
6.
Singhi PD, Baranwal AK, 2001. Single small enhancing computed tomographic lesions in Indian children—II. Clinical features, pathology, radiology and management. J Trop Pediatr 47: 266–270.
-
7.
Escobar A, 1983. The pathology of neurocysticercosis. Palacios E, Rodriguez-Carbajal I, Taveras J, eds. Cysticercosis of the Central Nervous System. Chicago, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 27–54.
-
8.
Garg RK, Nag D, 1998. Single enhancing CT lesions in Indian patients with seizures: clinical and radiological evaluation and follow up. J Trop Pediatr 44: 204–210.
-
9.
Sethi PK, Kumar BR, Madan VS, Mohan V, 1985. Appearing and disappearing CT scan abnormalities and seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48: 866–869.
-
10.
Sethi PP, Wadia RS, Kiyawat DP, Ichaporia NR, Kothari SS, Sangle SA, Wadhwa P, 1994. Ring or disc enhancing lesions in epilepsy in India. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 347–353.
-
11.
Rajshekhar V, 2001. Rate of spontaneous resolution of a solitary cysticercus granuloma in patients with seizures. Neurology 57: 2315–2317.
-
12.
Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ, 1997. Validation of diagnostic criteria for solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma in patients presenting with seizures. Acta Neurol Scand 96: 76–81.
-
13.
Chernov MF, Kubo O, Hayashi M, Izawa M, Maruyama T, Usukura M, Ono Y, Hori T, Takakura K, 2005. Proton MRS of the peritumoral brain. J Neurol Sci 228: 137–142.
-
14.
Rathore C, Thomas B, Kesavadas C, Abraham M, Radhakrishnan K, 2013. Calcified neurocysticercosis lesions and antiepileptic drug-resistant epilepsy: a surgically remediable syndrome? Epilepsia 54: 1815–1822.
-
15.
Nash TE, Bartelt LA, Korpe PS, Lopes B, Houpt ER, 2014. Calcified neurocysticercus, perilesional edema, and histologic inflammation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 318–321.
-
16.
Nash TE, Pretell EJ, Lescano AG, Bustos JA, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru, 2008. Perilesional brain oedema and seizure activity in patients with calcified neurocysticercosis: a prospective cohort and nested case-control study. Lancet Neurol 7: 1099–1105.
-
17.
Nash TE, Mahanty S, Loeb JA, Theodore WH, Friedman A, Sander JW, 2015. Neurocysticercosis: a natural human model of epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 56: 177–183.
-
18.
Gupta RK, Awasthi R, Rathore RK, Verma A, Sahoo P, Paliwal VK, Prasad KN, Pandey CM, Narayana PA, 2012. Understanding epileptogenesis in calcified neurocysticercosis with perfusion MRI. Neurology 78: 618–625.
-
19.
Lalla RS, Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Jain A, Verma R, Pandey CM, Singh GP, Sharma PK, 2015. Cytokines, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels in patients with a solitary cysticercus granuloma. Neurol India 63: 190–196.
-
20.
Restrepo BI, Alvarez JI, Castaño JA, Arias LF, Restrepo M, Trujillo J, Colegial CH, Teale JM, 2001. Brain granulomas in neurocysticercosis patients are associated with a Th1 and Th2 profile. Infect Immun 69: 4554–4560.
-
21.
Ooi WW, Wijemanne S, Thomas CB, Quezado M, Brown CR, Nash TE, 2011. A calcified Taenia solium granuloma associated with recurrent perilesional edema causing refractory seizures: histopathological features. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 460–463.
-
22.
Mitre E, Talaat KR, Sperling MR, Nash TE, 2007. Methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in complicated neurocysticercosis. Clin Infect Dis 44: 549–553.
-
23.
Zhao BC, Jiang HY, Ma WY, Jin DD, Li HM, Lu H, 2016. Albendazole and corticosteroids for the treatment of solitary cysticercus granuloma: a network meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004418.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 304 | 252 | 31 |
| Full Text Views | 520 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 272 | 10 | 1 |