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Reference Manager
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-
1.
Chalmers RM, Davies AP, 2010. Minireview: clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol 124: 138–146.
-
2.
Bern C, Martines J, de Zoysa I, Glass RI, 1992. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrheal disease: a ten-year update. Bull World Health Organ 70: 705–714.
-
3.
Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acacio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM, 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
4.
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry R, Widmer G, Akiyoshi DE, Tanriverdi S, Tzipori S, 2006. Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 851–857.
-
5.
Zambriski JA, Nydam DV, Wilcox ZJ, Bowman DD, Mohammed HO, Liotta JL, 2013. Cryptosporidium parvum: determination of ID(5)(0) and the dose-response relationship in experimentally challenged dairy calves. Vet Parasitol 197: 104–112.
-
6.
Goodgame RW, Kimball K, Ou CN, White AC Jr, Genta RM, Lifschitz CH, Chappell CL, 1995. Intestinal function and injury in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis. Gastroenterology 108: 1075–1082.
-
7.
Haque R, Mondal D, Karim A, Molla IH, Rahim A, Faruque AS, Ahmad N, Kirkpatrick BD, Houpt E, Snider C, Petri WA Jr, 2009. Prospective case-control study of the association between common enteric protozoal parasites and diarrhea in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 48: 1191–1197.
-
8.
Chalmers RM, Katzer F, 2013. Looking for Cryptosporidium: the application of advances in detection and diagnosis. Trends Parasitol 29: 237–251.
-
9.
Liu J, Gratz J, Amour C, Kibiki G, Becker S, Janaki L, Verweij JJ, Taniuchi M, Sobuz SU, Haque R, Haverstick DM, Houpt ER, 2013. A laboratory-developed TaqMan Array Card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. J Clin Microbiol 51: 472–480.
-
10.
Taniuchi M, Verweij JJ, Noor Z, Sobuz SU, Lieshout L, Petri WA Jr, Haque R, Houpt ER, 2011. High throughput multiplex PCR and probe-based detection with Luminex beads for seven intestinal parasites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 332–337.
-
11.
Jenkins MB, Anguish LJ, Bowman DD, Walker MJ, Ghiorse WC, 1997. Assessment of a dye permeability assay for determination of inactivation rates of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 3844–3850.
-
12.
Jiang J, Alderisio KA, Xiao L, 2005. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 4446–4454.
-
13.
Anguish LJ, Ghiorse WC, 1997. Computer-assisted laser scanning and video microscopy for analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil, sediment, and feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 724–733.
-
14.
Campbell AT, Robertson LJ, Smith HV, 1992. Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: correlation of in vitro excystation with inclusion or exclusion of fluorogenic vital dyes. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 3488–3493.
-
15.
Ollivett TL, Nydam DV, Linden TC, Bowman DD, Van Amburgh ME, 2012. Effect of nutritional plane on health and performance in dairy calves after experimental infection with Cryptosporidium parvum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 241: 1514–1520.
-
16.
Bellosa ML, Nydam DV, Liotta JL, Zambriski JA, Linden TC, Bowman DD, 2011. A comparison of fecal percent dry matter and number of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts shed to observational fecal consistency scoring in dairy calves. J Parasitol 97: 349–351.
-
17.
Xiao L, Herd RP, 1993. Quantitation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples by direct immunofluorescence assay. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2944–2946.
-
18.
Burton AJ, Nydam DV, Jones G, Zambriski JA, Linden TC, Cox G, Davis R, Brown A, Bowman DD, 2011. Antibody responses following administration of a Cryptosporidium parvum rCP15/60 vaccine to pregnant cattle. Vet Parasitol 175: 178–181.
-
19.
Stroup SE, Roy S, McHele J, Maro V, Ntabaguzi S, Siddique A, Kang G, Guerrant RL, Kirkpatrick BD, Fayer R, Herbein J, Ward H, Haque R, Houpt ER, 2006. Real-time PCR detection and speciation of Cryptosporidium infection using Scorpion probes. J Med Microbiol 55: 1217–1222.
-
20.
De Waele V, Berzano M, Berkvens D, Speybroeck N, Lowery C, Mulcahy GM, Murphy TM, 2011. Age-stratified Bayesian analysis to estimate sensitivity and specificity of four diagnostic tests for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in neonatal calves. J Clin Microbiol 49: 76–84.
-
21.
Geurden T, Berkvens D, Geldhof P, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, 2006. A Bayesian approach for the evaluation of six diagnostic assays and the estimation of Cryptosporidium prevalence in dairy calves. Vet Res 37: 671–682.
-
22.
Amar CF, East CL, Gray J, Iturriza-Gomara M, Maclure EA, McLauchlin J, 2007. Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 fecal samples: re-examination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993–1996). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26: 311–323.
-
23.
Taniuchi M, Sobuz SU, Begum S, Platts-Mills JA, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang XQ, Petri WA Jr, Haque R, Houpt ER, 2013. Etiology of diarrhea in Bangladeshi infants in the first year of life analyzed using molecular methods. J Infect Dis 208: 1794–1802.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 568 | 455 | 94 |
| Full Text Views | 343 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 178 | 6 | 0 |
Correlation Between Diarrhea Severity and Oocyst Count via Quantitative PCR or Fluorescence Microscopy in Experimental Cryptosporidiosis in Calves
Darwin J. Operario
Darwin J. Operario
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Lauren S. Bristol
Lauren S. Bristol
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Janice Liotta
Janice Liotta
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Daryl V. Nydam
Daryl V. Nydam
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Eric R. Houpt
Eric R. Houpt
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Cryptosporidium is an important diarrhea-associated pathogen, however the correlation between parasite burden and diarrhea severity remains unclear. We studied this relationship in 10 experimentally infected calves using immunofluorescence microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (N = 124 fecal samples). The qPCR data were corrected for extraction/amplification efficiency and gene copy number to generate parasite counts. The qPCR and microscopic oocyst quantities exhibited significant correlation (R2 = 0.33, P < 0.05), however qPCR had increased sensitivity. Upon comparison with diarrhea severity scores (from 0 to 3), a PCR-based count of ≥ 2.6 × 105 parasites or an immunofluorescence microscopy count of ≥ 4.5 × 104 oocysts were discriminatory predictors of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (versus no-to-mild diarrhea), with accuracies and predictive values of 72–82%. In summary, a quantitative approach for Cryptosporidium can refine predictive power for diarrhea and appears useful for distinguishing clinical cryptosporidiosis versus subclinical infection.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Darwin J. Operario and Eric R. Houpt, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, E-mails: do2s@virginia.edu and erh6k@virginia.edu. Lauren S. Bristol, Janice Liotta, and Daryl V. Nydam, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, E-mails: lls92@cornell.edu, jll55@cornell.edu, and dvn2@cornell.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Chalmers RM, Davies AP, 2010. Minireview: clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol 124: 138–146.
-
2.
Bern C, Martines J, de Zoysa I, Glass RI, 1992. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrheal disease: a ten-year update. Bull World Health Organ 70: 705–714.
-
3.
Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acacio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM, 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
4.
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry R, Widmer G, Akiyoshi DE, Tanriverdi S, Tzipori S, 2006. Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 851–857.
-
5.
Zambriski JA, Nydam DV, Wilcox ZJ, Bowman DD, Mohammed HO, Liotta JL, 2013. Cryptosporidium parvum: determination of ID(5)(0) and the dose-response relationship in experimentally challenged dairy calves. Vet Parasitol 197: 104–112.
-
6.
Goodgame RW, Kimball K, Ou CN, White AC Jr, Genta RM, Lifschitz CH, Chappell CL, 1995. Intestinal function and injury in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis. Gastroenterology 108: 1075–1082.
-
7.
Haque R, Mondal D, Karim A, Molla IH, Rahim A, Faruque AS, Ahmad N, Kirkpatrick BD, Houpt E, Snider C, Petri WA Jr, 2009. Prospective case-control study of the association between common enteric protozoal parasites and diarrhea in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 48: 1191–1197.
-
8.
Chalmers RM, Katzer F, 2013. Looking for Cryptosporidium: the application of advances in detection and diagnosis. Trends Parasitol 29: 237–251.
-
9.
Liu J, Gratz J, Amour C, Kibiki G, Becker S, Janaki L, Verweij JJ, Taniuchi M, Sobuz SU, Haque R, Haverstick DM, Houpt ER, 2013. A laboratory-developed TaqMan Array Card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. J Clin Microbiol 51: 472–480.
-
10.
Taniuchi M, Verweij JJ, Noor Z, Sobuz SU, Lieshout L, Petri WA Jr, Haque R, Houpt ER, 2011. High throughput multiplex PCR and probe-based detection with Luminex beads for seven intestinal parasites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 332–337.
-
11.
Jenkins MB, Anguish LJ, Bowman DD, Walker MJ, Ghiorse WC, 1997. Assessment of a dye permeability assay for determination of inactivation rates of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 3844–3850.
-
12.
Jiang J, Alderisio KA, Xiao L, 2005. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 4446–4454.
-
13.
Anguish LJ, Ghiorse WC, 1997. Computer-assisted laser scanning and video microscopy for analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil, sediment, and feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 724–733.
-
14.
Campbell AT, Robertson LJ, Smith HV, 1992. Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: correlation of in vitro excystation with inclusion or exclusion of fluorogenic vital dyes. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 3488–3493.
-
15.
Ollivett TL, Nydam DV, Linden TC, Bowman DD, Van Amburgh ME, 2012. Effect of nutritional plane on health and performance in dairy calves after experimental infection with Cryptosporidium parvum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 241: 1514–1520.
-
16.
Bellosa ML, Nydam DV, Liotta JL, Zambriski JA, Linden TC, Bowman DD, 2011. A comparison of fecal percent dry matter and number of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts shed to observational fecal consistency scoring in dairy calves. J Parasitol 97: 349–351.
-
17.
Xiao L, Herd RP, 1993. Quantitation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples by direct immunofluorescence assay. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2944–2946.
-
18.
Burton AJ, Nydam DV, Jones G, Zambriski JA, Linden TC, Cox G, Davis R, Brown A, Bowman DD, 2011. Antibody responses following administration of a Cryptosporidium parvum rCP15/60 vaccine to pregnant cattle. Vet Parasitol 175: 178–181.
-
19.
Stroup SE, Roy S, McHele J, Maro V, Ntabaguzi S, Siddique A, Kang G, Guerrant RL, Kirkpatrick BD, Fayer R, Herbein J, Ward H, Haque R, Houpt ER, 2006. Real-time PCR detection and speciation of Cryptosporidium infection using Scorpion probes. J Med Microbiol 55: 1217–1222.
-
20.
De Waele V, Berzano M, Berkvens D, Speybroeck N, Lowery C, Mulcahy GM, Murphy TM, 2011. Age-stratified Bayesian analysis to estimate sensitivity and specificity of four diagnostic tests for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in neonatal calves. J Clin Microbiol 49: 76–84.
-
21.
Geurden T, Berkvens D, Geldhof P, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, 2006. A Bayesian approach for the evaluation of six diagnostic assays and the estimation of Cryptosporidium prevalence in dairy calves. Vet Res 37: 671–682.
-
22.
Amar CF, East CL, Gray J, Iturriza-Gomara M, Maclure EA, McLauchlin J, 2007. Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 fecal samples: re-examination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993–1996). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26: 311–323.
-
23.
Taniuchi M, Sobuz SU, Begum S, Platts-Mills JA, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang XQ, Petri WA Jr, Haque R, Houpt ER, 2013. Etiology of diarrhea in Bangladeshi infants in the first year of life analyzed using molecular methods. J Infect Dis 208: 1794–1802.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 568 | 455 | 94 |
| Full Text Views | 343 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 178 | 6 | 0 |