- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study setting and population.
- Ethical considerations.
- Baseline data collection.
- Demographic data collection and questionnaires.
- Anthropometric measurements.
- Blood collection and diagnostic tests.
- Urine collection and diagnostic tests.
- Stool collection and diagnostic tests.
- Treatment.
- Follow-up data collection.
- Data handling and analysis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77: 41–51.
-
2.
WHO, 2001. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 76: 74–76.
-
3.
Mahmoud AA, Siongok TA, Ouma J, Houser HB, Warren KS, 1983. Effect of targeted mass treatment on intensity of infection and morbidity in schistosomiasis mansoni: 3-year follow-up of a community in Machakos, Kenya. Lancet 1: 849–851.
-
4.
Wiest PM, Wu G, Zhong S, McGarvey ST, Yuan J, Olveda RM, Peters PA, Olds GR, 1994. Impact of annual screening and chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis japonica on Jishan Island, People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 162–169.
-
5.
Ohmae H, Tanaka M, Hayashi M, Matsuzaki Y, Kurosaki Y, Blas BL, Portillo GG, Sy OS, Irie Y, Yasuraoka K, 1992. Improvement of ultrasonographic and serologic changes in Schistosoma japonicum–infected patients after treatment with praziquantel. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46: 99–104.
-
6.
Koukounari A, Fenwick A, Whawell S, Kabatereine NB, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa EM, Stothard JR, Donnelly CA, Webster JP, 2006. Morbidity indicators of Schistosoma mansoni: relationship between infection and anemia in Ugandan schoolchildren before and after praziquantel and albendazole chemotherapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 278–286.
-
7.
Tohon ZB, Mainassara HB, Garba A, Mahamane AE, Bosque-Oliva E, Ibrahim ML, Duchemin JB, Chanteau S, Boisier P, 2008. Controlling schistosomiasis: significant decrease of anaemia prevalence one year after a single dose of praziquantel in Nigerian schoolchildren. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e241.
-
8.
Lyke KE, Dicko A, Dabo A, Sangare L, Kone A, Coulibaly D, Guindo A, Traore K, Daou M, Diarra I, Sztein MB, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, 2005. Association of Schistosoma haematobium infection with protection against acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1124–1130.
-
9.
Lwambo NJ, Brooker S, Siza JE, Bundy DA, Guyatt H, 2000. Age patterns in stunting and anaemia in African schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study in Tanzania. Eur J Clin Nutr 54: 36–40.
-
10.
Lustigman S, Prichard RK, Gazzinelli A, Grant WN, Boatin BA, McCarthy JS, Basañez MG, 2012. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1582.
-
11.
Bergquist R, Johansen MV, Utzinger J, 2009. Diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology: what tools to use and when? Trends Parasitol 25: 151–156.
-
12.
Shane HL, Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Blackstock AJ, Mwinzi PN, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2011. Evaluation of urine CCA assays for detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Western Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e951.
-
13.
Coulibaly JT, N'Gbesso YK, Knopp S, N'Guessan NA, Silué KD, van Dam GJ, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, 2013. Accuracy of urine circulating cathodic antigen test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni in preschool-aged children before and after treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2109.
-
14.
Colley DG, Binder S, Campbell C, King CH, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, N'Goran EK, Erko B, Karanja DM, Kabatereine NB, van Lieshout L, Rathbun S, 2013. A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 426–432.
-
15.
Alves GA, Baldessar MZ, Pereira GW, Kuehlkamp VM, Hilzendeger C, Silva J, 2012. Quality of life of patients with hepatitis C. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 553–557.
-
16.
Sebit MB, Chandiwana SK, Latif AS, Gomo E, Acuda SW, Makoni F, Vushe J, 2000. Quality of life evaluation in patients with HIV-I infection: the impact of traditional medicine in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 46: 208–213.
-
17.
Wilke S, Janssen DJ, Wouters EF, Schols JM, Franssen FM, Spruit MA, 2012. Correlations between disease-specific and generic health status questionnaires in patients with advanced COPD: a one-year observational study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 10: 98.
-
18.
Kamel MI, Ghafar YA, Foda N, Khashab S, 2001. Impact of type and stage of schistosomiasis on quality of life and productivity of infected workers. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 31: 153–167.
-
19.
Jia TW, Zhou XN, Wang XH, Utzinger J, Steinmann P, Wu XH, 2007. Assessment of the age-specific disability weight of chronic schistosomiasis japonica. Bull World Health Organ 85: 458–465.
-
20.
Fürst T, Silué KD, Ouattara M, N'Goran DN, Adiossan LG, N'Guessan Y, Zouzou F, Koné S, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, 2012. Schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and sociodemographic factors influence quality of life of adults in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1855.
-
21.
Samuels AM, Matey E, Mwinzi PN, Wiegand RE, Muchiri G, Ireri E, Hyde M, Montgomery SP, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2012. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among school-aged children: a SCORE project in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 874–882.
-
22.
Terer CC, Bustinduy AL, Magtanong RV, Muhoho N, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH, Mutuku FM, 2013. Evaluation of the health-related quality of life of children in Schistosoma haematobium-endemic communities in Kenya: a cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2106.
-
23.
Mwinzi PN, Montgomery SP, Owaga CO, Mwanje M, Muok EM, Ayisi JG, Laserson KF, Muchiri EM, Secor WE, Karanja DM, 2012. Integrated community-directed intervention for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths in western Kenya: a pilot study. Parasit Vectors 5: 182.
-
24.
Odiere MR, Opisa S, Odhiambo G, Jura WG, Ayisi JM, Karanja DM, Mwinzi PN, 2011. Geographical distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among school children in informal settlements in Kisumu City, western Kenya. Parasitology 138: 1569–1577.
-
25.
Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, Colley DG, Andove J, Slutsker L, Secor WE, 2003. Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 318–323.
-
26.
Black CL, Steinauer ML, Mwinzi PN, Evan Secor W, Karanja DM, Colley DG, 2009. Impact of intense, longitudinal retreatment with praziquantel on cure rates of schistosomiasis mansoni in a cohort of occupationally exposed adults in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 14: 450–457.
-
27.
Karanja DM, Colley DG, Nahlen BL, Ouma JH, Secor WE, 1997. Studies on schistosomiasis in western Kenya: I. Evidence for immune-facilitated excretion of schistosome eggs from patients with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 515–521.
-
28.
Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PN, Shane HL, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2011. Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 787–791.
-
29.
World Health Organization, 1998. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOQOL Group. Psychol Med 28: 551–558.
-
30.
Government of Kenya Ministry of Health, 2002. Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Conditions in Kenya: Nairobi, Kenya: The Regal Press Kenya Ltd., 190–202.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 1991. Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
32.
World Health Organization, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Tech Rep Ser 912: 1–57.
-
33.
King CH, Sturrock RF, Kariuki HC, Hamburger J, 2006. Transmission control for schistosomiasis: why it matters now. Trends Parasitol 22: 575–582.
-
34.
King CH, Dangerfield-Cha M, 2008. The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic Illn 4: 65–79.
-
35.
Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Kuete Fouodo CJ, Kamwa Ngassam RI, Sumo L, Dongmo Noumedem C, Kenfack CM, Gipwe NF, Nana ED, Stothard JR, Rollinson D, 2012. Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-tests for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1758.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 615 | 578 | 42 |
| Full Text Views | 286 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 7 | 1 |
Assessment of Quality of Life as a Tool for Measuring Morbidity Due to Schistosoma mansoni Infection and the Impact of Treatment
Kimberly Y. Won
Kimberly Y. Won
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Kimberly Y. Won in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kimberly Y. Won in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Bernard Abudho
Bernard Abudho
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Bernard Abudho in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bernard Abudho in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Anna J. Blackstock
Anna J. Blackstock
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Anna J. Blackstock in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anna J. Blackstock in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Susan P. Montgomery
Susan P. Montgomery
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Susan P. Montgomery in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Susan P. Montgomery in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Erin D. Kennedy
Erin D. Kennedy
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Erin D. Kennedy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Erin D. Kennedy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Bobbie Person
Bobbie Person
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Bobbie Person in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bobbie Person in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Pauline N. M. Mwinzi
Pauline N. M. Mwinzi
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Pauline N. M. Mwinzi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pauline N. M. Mwinzi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Elizabeth A. Ochola
Elizabeth A. Ochola
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Elizabeth A. Ochola in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Elizabeth A. Ochola in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Karen T. Foo
Karen T. Foo
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Karen T. Foo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Karen T. Foo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Allen W. Hightower
Allen W. Hightower
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Allen W. Hightower in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Allen W. Hightower in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Diana M. S. Karanja
Diana M. S. Karanja
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by Diana M. S. Karanja in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Diana M. S. Karanja in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
W. Evan Secor
W. Evan Secor
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Search for other papers by W. Evan Secor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by W. Evan Secor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Recently, health measurements have broadened to include the assessment of quality of life (QOL). This study was conducted to assess whether the short form of the World Health Organization (WHO) QOL questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was an effective tool for measuring morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni infection and whether it could detect an impact of treatment with praziquantel. A total of 724 adults 18–85 years of age were enrolled. At baseline, S. mansoni prevalence was 73.2% by stool examination and 75.4% by circulating cathodic antigen, and there was no association between infection status and WHOQOL-BREF scores. Six months after treatment, S. mansoni prevalence was lower and the proportion of persons with higher WHOQOL-BREF scores significantly increased among persons who were infected at baseline. However, a similar increase was observed in persons not infected at baseline. In areas of high prevalence, the WHOQOL-BREF may not be able to detect the benefits of schistosomiasis control programs.
Author Notes
Financial support: The study was supported the United States Agency for International Development through an inter-agency agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Authors' addresses: Kimberly Y. Won, Anna Blackstock, Susan P. Montgomery, Erin D. Kennedy, Bobbie Person, Karen T. Foo, Allen W. Hightower, and W. Evan Secor, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: kfw7@cdc.gov, hyp9@cdc.gov, zqu6@cdc.gov, ftw3@cdc.gov, bobbieperson@gmail.com, karen.t.foo@gmail.com, awh1953@gmail.com, and was4@cdc.gov. Bernard Abudho, Pauline N. M. Mwinzi, Elizabeth A. Ochola, Diana M. S. Karanja, Neglected Tropical Diseases Branch, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mails: babudho@kemricdc.org, pmwinzi@kemricdc.org, eakinyi@kemricdc.org, and dkaranja@kemricdc.org.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study setting and population.
- Ethical considerations.
- Baseline data collection.
- Demographic data collection and questionnaires.
- Anthropometric measurements.
- Blood collection and diagnostic tests.
- Urine collection and diagnostic tests.
- Stool collection and diagnostic tests.
- Treatment.
- Follow-up data collection.
- Data handling and analysis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77: 41–51.
-
2.
WHO, 2001. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 76: 74–76.
-
3.
Mahmoud AA, Siongok TA, Ouma J, Houser HB, Warren KS, 1983. Effect of targeted mass treatment on intensity of infection and morbidity in schistosomiasis mansoni: 3-year follow-up of a community in Machakos, Kenya. Lancet 1: 849–851.
-
4.
Wiest PM, Wu G, Zhong S, McGarvey ST, Yuan J, Olveda RM, Peters PA, Olds GR, 1994. Impact of annual screening and chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis japonica on Jishan Island, People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 162–169.
-
5.
Ohmae H, Tanaka M, Hayashi M, Matsuzaki Y, Kurosaki Y, Blas BL, Portillo GG, Sy OS, Irie Y, Yasuraoka K, 1992. Improvement of ultrasonographic and serologic changes in Schistosoma japonicum–infected patients after treatment with praziquantel. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46: 99–104.
-
6.
Koukounari A, Fenwick A, Whawell S, Kabatereine NB, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa EM, Stothard JR, Donnelly CA, Webster JP, 2006. Morbidity indicators of Schistosoma mansoni: relationship between infection and anemia in Ugandan schoolchildren before and after praziquantel and albendazole chemotherapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 278–286.
-
7.
Tohon ZB, Mainassara HB, Garba A, Mahamane AE, Bosque-Oliva E, Ibrahim ML, Duchemin JB, Chanteau S, Boisier P, 2008. Controlling schistosomiasis: significant decrease of anaemia prevalence one year after a single dose of praziquantel in Nigerian schoolchildren. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e241.
-
8.
Lyke KE, Dicko A, Dabo A, Sangare L, Kone A, Coulibaly D, Guindo A, Traore K, Daou M, Diarra I, Sztein MB, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, 2005. Association of Schistosoma haematobium infection with protection against acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1124–1130.
-
9.
Lwambo NJ, Brooker S, Siza JE, Bundy DA, Guyatt H, 2000. Age patterns in stunting and anaemia in African schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study in Tanzania. Eur J Clin Nutr 54: 36–40.
-
10.
Lustigman S, Prichard RK, Gazzinelli A, Grant WN, Boatin BA, McCarthy JS, Basañez MG, 2012. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1582.
-
11.
Bergquist R, Johansen MV, Utzinger J, 2009. Diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology: what tools to use and when? Trends Parasitol 25: 151–156.
-
12.
Shane HL, Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Blackstock AJ, Mwinzi PN, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2011. Evaluation of urine CCA assays for detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Western Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e951.
-
13.
Coulibaly JT, N'Gbesso YK, Knopp S, N'Guessan NA, Silué KD, van Dam GJ, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, 2013. Accuracy of urine circulating cathodic antigen test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni in preschool-aged children before and after treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2109.
-
14.
Colley DG, Binder S, Campbell C, King CH, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, N'Goran EK, Erko B, Karanja DM, Kabatereine NB, van Lieshout L, Rathbun S, 2013. A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 426–432.
-
15.
Alves GA, Baldessar MZ, Pereira GW, Kuehlkamp VM, Hilzendeger C, Silva J, 2012. Quality of life of patients with hepatitis C. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 553–557.
-
16.
Sebit MB, Chandiwana SK, Latif AS, Gomo E, Acuda SW, Makoni F, Vushe J, 2000. Quality of life evaluation in patients with HIV-I infection: the impact of traditional medicine in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 46: 208–213.
-
17.
Wilke S, Janssen DJ, Wouters EF, Schols JM, Franssen FM, Spruit MA, 2012. Correlations between disease-specific and generic health status questionnaires in patients with advanced COPD: a one-year observational study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 10: 98.
-
18.
Kamel MI, Ghafar YA, Foda N, Khashab S, 2001. Impact of type and stage of schistosomiasis on quality of life and productivity of infected workers. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 31: 153–167.
-
19.
Jia TW, Zhou XN, Wang XH, Utzinger J, Steinmann P, Wu XH, 2007. Assessment of the age-specific disability weight of chronic schistosomiasis japonica. Bull World Health Organ 85: 458–465.
-
20.
Fürst T, Silué KD, Ouattara M, N'Goran DN, Adiossan LG, N'Guessan Y, Zouzou F, Koné S, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, 2012. Schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and sociodemographic factors influence quality of life of adults in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1855.
-
21.
Samuels AM, Matey E, Mwinzi PN, Wiegand RE, Muchiri G, Ireri E, Hyde M, Montgomery SP, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2012. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among school-aged children: a SCORE project in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 874–882.
-
22.
Terer CC, Bustinduy AL, Magtanong RV, Muhoho N, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH, Mutuku FM, 2013. Evaluation of the health-related quality of life of children in Schistosoma haematobium-endemic communities in Kenya: a cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2106.
-
23.
Mwinzi PN, Montgomery SP, Owaga CO, Mwanje M, Muok EM, Ayisi JG, Laserson KF, Muchiri EM, Secor WE, Karanja DM, 2012. Integrated community-directed intervention for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths in western Kenya: a pilot study. Parasit Vectors 5: 182.
-
24.
Odiere MR, Opisa S, Odhiambo G, Jura WG, Ayisi JM, Karanja DM, Mwinzi PN, 2011. Geographical distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among school children in informal settlements in Kisumu City, western Kenya. Parasitology 138: 1569–1577.
-
25.
Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, Colley DG, Andove J, Slutsker L, Secor WE, 2003. Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 318–323.
-
26.
Black CL, Steinauer ML, Mwinzi PN, Evan Secor W, Karanja DM, Colley DG, 2009. Impact of intense, longitudinal retreatment with praziquantel on cure rates of schistosomiasis mansoni in a cohort of occupationally exposed adults in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 14: 450–457.
-
27.
Karanja DM, Colley DG, Nahlen BL, Ouma JH, Secor WE, 1997. Studies on schistosomiasis in western Kenya: I. Evidence for immune-facilitated excretion of schistosome eggs from patients with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 515–521.
-
28.
Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PN, Shane HL, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2011. Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 787–791.
-
29.
World Health Organization, 1998. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOQOL Group. Psychol Med 28: 551–558.
-
30.
Government of Kenya Ministry of Health, 2002. Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Conditions in Kenya: Nairobi, Kenya: The Regal Press Kenya Ltd., 190–202.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 1991. Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
32.
World Health Organization, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Tech Rep Ser 912: 1–57.
-
33.
King CH, Sturrock RF, Kariuki HC, Hamburger J, 2006. Transmission control for schistosomiasis: why it matters now. Trends Parasitol 22: 575–582.
-
34.
King CH, Dangerfield-Cha M, 2008. The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic Illn 4: 65–79.
-
35.
Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Kuete Fouodo CJ, Kamwa Ngassam RI, Sumo L, Dongmo Noumedem C, Kenfack CM, Gipwe NF, Nana ED, Stothard JR, Rollinson D, 2012. Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-tests for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1758.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 615 | 578 | 42 |
| Full Text Views | 286 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 7 | 1 |