- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Types of animals owned.
- Animal husbandry practices.
- Management of sick animals.
- Animal treatments.
- Home remedies.
- Animal healthcare seeking.
- Animal medicine expenditures.
- Micro-credit agents.
- Unlicensed village doctors: multiple roles.
- Importance of animals to livelihood in rural Sylhet.
- Use of animals.
- Costs of animals.
- Case study: formal animal health care as a last resort.
- Case study: small scale farming and transfer of technology.
- Pharmaceutical promotions and distribution.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Woolhouse ME, Gowtage-Sequeria S, 2005. Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1842–1847.
-
2.
Food and Agriculture Organiation, 2007. Avian Influenza. Available at: http://www.fao.org/avianflu/documents/key_ai/key_book_biblio.htm.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2007. Avian Influenza. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/en/.
-
4.
Harvey SA, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Torres Gayoso C, Lopez Romero S, Gilman RH, Oberhelman RA, 2003. Domestic poultry-raising practices in a Peruvian shantytown: implications for control of Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrhea. Acta Trop 86: 41–54.
-
5.
Marquis GS, Ventura G, Gilman RH, Porras E, Miranda E, Carbajal L, Pentafiel M, 1990. Fecal contamination of shanty town toddlers in households with non-corralled poultry, Lima, Peru. Am J Public Health 80: 146–149.
-
6.
Grados O, Bravo N, Black RE, Butzler JP, 1988. Paediatric Campylobacter diarrhoea from household exposure to live chickens in Lima, Peru. Bull World Health Organ 66: 369–374.
-
7.
al-Nakhli HM, al-Ogaily ZH, Nassar TJ, 1999. Representative Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry and poultry environments in Saudi Arabia. Rev Sci Tech 18: 700–709.
-
8.
Al-Ghamdi MS, El-Morsy F, Al-Mustafa ZH, Al-Ramadhan M, Hanif M, 1999. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry workers, patients and chicken in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Trop Med Int Health 4: 278–283.
-
9.
Filali E, Bell JG, el Houadfi M, Huggins MB, Cook JK, 1988. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from chickens with colisepticaemia in Morocco. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 11: 121–124.
-
10.
Amara A, Ziani Z, Bouzoubaa K, 1995. Antibioresistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated in Morocco from chickens with colibacillosis. Vet Microbiol 43: 325–330.
-
11.
Bojalil R, Calva JJ, 1994. Antibiotic misuse in diarrhea. A household survey in a Mexican community. J Clin Epidemiol 47: 147–156.
-
12.
Bartlett JG, Froggatt JW III, 1995. Antibiotic resistance. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121: 392–396.
-
13.
Chin GJ, Marx J, 1994. Resistance to antibiotics. Science 264: 359–362.
-
14.
Greenhalgh T, 1987. Drug prescription and self-medication in India: an exploratory survey. Soc Sci Med 25: 307–318.
-
15.
Indalo AA, 1997. Antibiotic sale behaviour in Nairobi: a contributing factor to antimicrobial drug resistance. East Afr Med J 74: 171–173.
-
16.
Kunin CM, 1993. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs-a worldwide calamity. Ann Intern Med 118: 557–561.
-
17.
Kunin CM, Lipton HL, Tupasi T, Sacks T, Scheckler WE, Jivani A, Goic A, Martin RR, Guerrant RL, Thamlikitkul V, 1987. Social, behavioral, and practical factors affecting antibiotic use worldwide: report of Task Force 4. Rev Infect Dis 9 (Suppl 3): S270–S285.
-
18.
Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O'Brien TF, Pablos-Mendez A, Klugman KP, 2005. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 481–493.
-
19.
van den Bogaard AE, 1997. Antimicrobial resistance: relation to human and animal exposure to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 40: 453–454.
-
20.
Tollefson L, Miller MA, 2000. Antibiotic use in food animals: controlling the human health impact. J AOAC Int 83: 245–254.
-
21.
Teuber M, 2001. Veterinary use and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 4: 493–499.
-
22.
Smith DL, Harris AD, Johnson JA, Silbergeld EK, Morris JG Jr, 2002. Animal antibiotic use has an early but important impact on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human commensal bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 6434–6439.
-
23.
Singer RS, Finch R, Wegener HC, Bywater R, Walters J, Lipsitch M, 2003. Antibiotic resistance: the interplay between antibiotic use in animals and human beings. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 47–51.
-
24.
Cook RR, 1997. Antimicrobial resistance: use in veterinary and human medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 39: 435.
-
25.
Bazile-Pham-Khac S, Truong QC, Lafont JP, Gutmann L, Zhou XY, Osman M, Moreau NJ, 1996. Resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli isolated from poultry. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40: 1504–1507.
-
26.
Aarestrup FM, Agerso Y, Gerner-Smidt P, Madsen M, Jensen LB, 2000. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from humans in the community, broilers, and pigs in Denmark. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 37: 127–137.
-
27.
Levy SB, FitzGerald GB, Macone AB, 1976. Changes in intestinal flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline-supplemented feed on a farm. N Engl J Med 295: 583–588.
-
28.
Jansson C, Franklin A, Skold O, 1993. Trimethoprim resistance arising in animal bacteria and transferring into human pathogens. J Infect Dis 167: 785–787.
-
29.
van den Bogaard AE, London N, Driessen C, Stobberingh EE, 2001. Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers. J Antimicrob Chemother 47: 763–771.
-
30.
van den Bogaard AE, London N, Stobberingh EE, 2000. Antimicrobial resistance in pig faecal samples from The Netherlands (five abattoirs) and Sweden. J Antimicrob Chemother 45: 663–671.
-
31.
van den Bogaard AE, Willems R, London N, Top J, Stobberingh EE, 2002. Antibiotic resistance of faecal enterococci in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 497–505.
-
32.
Swartz MN, 2002. Human diseases caused by foodborne pathogens of animal origin. Clin Infect Dis 34 (Suppl 3): S111–S122.
-
33.
McEwen SA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, 2002. Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals. Clin Infect Dis 34 (Suppl 3): S93–S106.
-
34.
Baqui AH, El-Arifeen S, Darmstadt GL, Ahmed S, Williams EK, Seraji HR, Mannan I, Rahman SM, Shah R, Syed U, Winch PJ, Lefevre A, Santosham M, Black RE; Projahnmo Group, 2008. Effect of community-based newborn-care intervention package implemented through two service-delivery strategies in Sylhet district, Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371: 1936–1944.
-
35.
Singh R, editor, 2001. A Hunger Free India. Presidential Address. New Delhi: Agricultural Section.
-
36.
Riethmuller P, Chai J, Smith D, Hutabarat B, Sayaka B, Yusda Y, 1999. The mixing ratio in the Indonesian dairy industry. Agric Econ 20: 51–56.
-
37.
Peeling D, Holden S, 2004. The effectiveness of community-based animal health workers, for the poor, for communities and for public safety. Rev Sci Tech 23: 253–276, discussion 391–401.
-
38.
Cheneau Y, El Idrissi AH, Ward D, 2004. An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current veterinary systems in the developing world. Rev Sci Tech 23: 351–359, discussion 91–401.
-
39.
Catley A, 1999. Community-Based Animal Health Care in Somali Areas of Africa: A Review. London: Organization of African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources.
-
40.
Holden S, Ashley S, Bazeley P, 1996. Improving the Delivery of Animal Health Services in Developing Countries: A Literature Review. London: Overseas Development Administration of the United Kingdom.
-
41.
Bosu WK, Ofori-Adjei D, 1997. Survey of antibiotic prescribing pattern in government health facilities of the Wassa west district of Ghana. East Afr Med J 74: 138–142.
-
42.
Radyowijati A, Haak H, 2001. Determinants of Antimicrobial Use in the Developing World. Child health research project special report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 595 | 481 | 84 |
| Full Text Views | 772 | 14 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 301 | 10 | 2 |
Animal Husbandry Practices in Rural Bangladesh: Potential Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Emerging Diseases
Amira A. Roess
Amira A. Roess
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Peter J. Winch
Peter J. Winch
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Nabeel A. Ali
Nabeel A. Ali
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Afsana Akhter
Afsana Akhter
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Dilara Afroz
Dilara Afroz
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shams El Arifeen
Shams El Arifeen
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Gary L. Darmstadt
Gary L. Darmstadt
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Abdullah H. Baqui
Abdullah H. Baqui
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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for the Bangladesh PROJAHNMO Study Group
for the Bangladesh PROJAHNMO Study Group
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Antimicrobial drug administration to household livestock may put humans and animals at risk for acquisition of antimicrobial drug–resistant pathogens. To describe animal husbandry practices, including animal healthcare-seeking and antimicrobial drug use in rural Bangladesh, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with key informants, including female household members (n = 79), village doctors (n = 10), and pharmaceutical representatives, veterinarians, and government officials (n = 27), and performed observations at animal health clinics (n = 3). Prevalent animal husbandry practices that may put persons at risk for acquisition of pathogens included shared housing and water for animals and humans, antimicrobial drug use for humans and animals, and crowding. Household members reported seeking human and animal healthcare from unlicensed village doctors rather than formal-sector healthcare providers and cited cost and convenience as reasons. Five times more per household was spent on animal than on human healthcare. Strengthening animal and human disease surveillance systems should be continued. Interventions are recommended to provide vulnerable populations with a means of protecting their livelihood and health.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the United States Agency for International Development through cooperative agreements with the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, the Saving Newborn Lives program of Save the Children-US through a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Center for a Livable Future at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, a National Research Service Award grant from the National Institutes of Health, and the Academy for Educational Development.
Authors' addresses: Amira A. Roess, Department of Global Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC, E-mail: aroess@gwu.edu. Peter J. Winch and Abdullah H. Baqui, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mails: pwinch@jhsph.edu and abaqui@jhsph.edu. Nabeel A. Ali, Afsana Akhter, Dilara Afroz, and Shams El Arifeen, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: nabeel@icddrb.org, afsana_akther@yahoo.com, dilararoney@gmail.com, and shams@icddrb.org. Gary L. Darmstadt, Family Health Division, Global Development Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, E-mail: gdarmsta@jhsph.edu.
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Types of animals owned.
- Animal husbandry practices.
- Management of sick animals.
- Animal treatments.
- Home remedies.
- Animal healthcare seeking.
- Animal medicine expenditures.
- Micro-credit agents.
- Unlicensed village doctors: multiple roles.
- Importance of animals to livelihood in rural Sylhet.
- Use of animals.
- Costs of animals.
- Case study: formal animal health care as a last resort.
- Case study: small scale farming and transfer of technology.
- Pharmaceutical promotions and distribution.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Woolhouse ME, Gowtage-Sequeria S, 2005. Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1842–1847.
-
2.
Food and Agriculture Organiation, 2007. Avian Influenza. Available at: http://www.fao.org/avianflu/documents/key_ai/key_book_biblio.htm.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2007. Avian Influenza. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/en/.
-
4.
Harvey SA, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Torres Gayoso C, Lopez Romero S, Gilman RH, Oberhelman RA, 2003. Domestic poultry-raising practices in a Peruvian shantytown: implications for control of Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrhea. Acta Trop 86: 41–54.
-
5.
Marquis GS, Ventura G, Gilman RH, Porras E, Miranda E, Carbajal L, Pentafiel M, 1990. Fecal contamination of shanty town toddlers in households with non-corralled poultry, Lima, Peru. Am J Public Health 80: 146–149.
-
6.
Grados O, Bravo N, Black RE, Butzler JP, 1988. Paediatric Campylobacter diarrhoea from household exposure to live chickens in Lima, Peru. Bull World Health Organ 66: 369–374.
-
7.
al-Nakhli HM, al-Ogaily ZH, Nassar TJ, 1999. Representative Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry and poultry environments in Saudi Arabia. Rev Sci Tech 18: 700–709.
-
8.
Al-Ghamdi MS, El-Morsy F, Al-Mustafa ZH, Al-Ramadhan M, Hanif M, 1999. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry workers, patients and chicken in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Trop Med Int Health 4: 278–283.
-
9.
Filali E, Bell JG, el Houadfi M, Huggins MB, Cook JK, 1988. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from chickens with colisepticaemia in Morocco. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 11: 121–124.
-
10.
Amara A, Ziani Z, Bouzoubaa K, 1995. Antibioresistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated in Morocco from chickens with colibacillosis. Vet Microbiol 43: 325–330.
-
11.
Bojalil R, Calva JJ, 1994. Antibiotic misuse in diarrhea. A household survey in a Mexican community. J Clin Epidemiol 47: 147–156.
-
12.
Bartlett JG, Froggatt JW III, 1995. Antibiotic resistance. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121: 392–396.
-
13.
Chin GJ, Marx J, 1994. Resistance to antibiotics. Science 264: 359–362.
-
14.
Greenhalgh T, 1987. Drug prescription and self-medication in India: an exploratory survey. Soc Sci Med 25: 307–318.
-
15.
Indalo AA, 1997. Antibiotic sale behaviour in Nairobi: a contributing factor to antimicrobial drug resistance. East Afr Med J 74: 171–173.
-
16.
Kunin CM, 1993. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs-a worldwide calamity. Ann Intern Med 118: 557–561.
-
17.
Kunin CM, Lipton HL, Tupasi T, Sacks T, Scheckler WE, Jivani A, Goic A, Martin RR, Guerrant RL, Thamlikitkul V, 1987. Social, behavioral, and practical factors affecting antibiotic use worldwide: report of Task Force 4. Rev Infect Dis 9 (Suppl 3): S270–S285.
-
18.
Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O'Brien TF, Pablos-Mendez A, Klugman KP, 2005. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 481–493.
-
19.
van den Bogaard AE, 1997. Antimicrobial resistance: relation to human and animal exposure to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 40: 453–454.
-
20.
Tollefson L, Miller MA, 2000. Antibiotic use in food animals: controlling the human health impact. J AOAC Int 83: 245–254.
-
21.
Teuber M, 2001. Veterinary use and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 4: 493–499.
-
22.
Smith DL, Harris AD, Johnson JA, Silbergeld EK, Morris JG Jr, 2002. Animal antibiotic use has an early but important impact on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human commensal bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 6434–6439.
-
23.
Singer RS, Finch R, Wegener HC, Bywater R, Walters J, Lipsitch M, 2003. Antibiotic resistance: the interplay between antibiotic use in animals and human beings. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 47–51.
-
24.
Cook RR, 1997. Antimicrobial resistance: use in veterinary and human medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 39: 435.
-
25.
Bazile-Pham-Khac S, Truong QC, Lafont JP, Gutmann L, Zhou XY, Osman M, Moreau NJ, 1996. Resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli isolated from poultry. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40: 1504–1507.
-
26.
Aarestrup FM, Agerso Y, Gerner-Smidt P, Madsen M, Jensen LB, 2000. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from humans in the community, broilers, and pigs in Denmark. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 37: 127–137.
-
27.
Levy SB, FitzGerald GB, Macone AB, 1976. Changes in intestinal flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline-supplemented feed on a farm. N Engl J Med 295: 583–588.
-
28.
Jansson C, Franklin A, Skold O, 1993. Trimethoprim resistance arising in animal bacteria and transferring into human pathogens. J Infect Dis 167: 785–787.
-
29.
van den Bogaard AE, London N, Driessen C, Stobberingh EE, 2001. Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers. J Antimicrob Chemother 47: 763–771.
-
30.
van den Bogaard AE, London N, Stobberingh EE, 2000. Antimicrobial resistance in pig faecal samples from The Netherlands (five abattoirs) and Sweden. J Antimicrob Chemother 45: 663–671.
-
31.
van den Bogaard AE, Willems R, London N, Top J, Stobberingh EE, 2002. Antibiotic resistance of faecal enterococci in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 497–505.
-
32.
Swartz MN, 2002. Human diseases caused by foodborne pathogens of animal origin. Clin Infect Dis 34 (Suppl 3): S111–S122.
-
33.
McEwen SA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, 2002. Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals. Clin Infect Dis 34 (Suppl 3): S93–S106.
-
34.
Baqui AH, El-Arifeen S, Darmstadt GL, Ahmed S, Williams EK, Seraji HR, Mannan I, Rahman SM, Shah R, Syed U, Winch PJ, Lefevre A, Santosham M, Black RE; Projahnmo Group, 2008. Effect of community-based newborn-care intervention package implemented through two service-delivery strategies in Sylhet district, Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371: 1936–1944.
-
35.
Singh R, editor, 2001. A Hunger Free India. Presidential Address. New Delhi: Agricultural Section.
-
36.
Riethmuller P, Chai J, Smith D, Hutabarat B, Sayaka B, Yusda Y, 1999. The mixing ratio in the Indonesian dairy industry. Agric Econ 20: 51–56.
-
37.
Peeling D, Holden S, 2004. The effectiveness of community-based animal health workers, for the poor, for communities and for public safety. Rev Sci Tech 23: 253–276, discussion 391–401.
-
38.
Cheneau Y, El Idrissi AH, Ward D, 2004. An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current veterinary systems in the developing world. Rev Sci Tech 23: 351–359, discussion 91–401.
-
39.
Catley A, 1999. Community-Based Animal Health Care in Somali Areas of Africa: A Review. London: Organization of African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources.
-
40.
Holden S, Ashley S, Bazeley P, 1996. Improving the Delivery of Animal Health Services in Developing Countries: A Literature Review. London: Overseas Development Administration of the United Kingdom.
-
41.
Bosu WK, Ofori-Adjei D, 1997. Survey of antibiotic prescribing pattern in government health facilities of the Wassa west district of Ghana. East Afr Med J 74: 138–142.
-
42.
Radyowijati A, Haak H, 2001. Determinants of Antimicrobial Use in the Developing World. Child health research project special report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 595 | 481 | 84 |
| Full Text Views | 772 | 14 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 301 | 10 | 2 |