Desjeux P, 2004. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 27: 305–318.
Ministry of Health, Brazil, 2003. Manual de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral. Brasilia, Brazil: Ministry of Health.
Desjeux P, 2001. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 239–243.
Mauricio IL, Howard MK, Stothard JR, Miles MA, 1999. Genomic diversity in the Leishmania donovani complex. Parasitology 119: 237–246.
Lukes J, Mauricio IL, Schonian G, Dujardin JC, Soteriadou K, Dedet JP, Kuhls K, Tintaya KW, Jirku M, Chocholova E, Haralambous C, Pratlong F, Obornik M, Horak A, Ayala FJ, Miles MA, 2007. Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9375–9380.
Badaro R, Jones TC, Lorenco R, Cerf BJ, Sampaio D, Carvalho EM, Rocha H, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1986. A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. J Infect Dis 154: 639–649.
Evans TG, Teixeira MJ, McAuliffe IT, Vasconcelos I, Vasconcelos AW, Sousa Ade A, Lima JW, Pearson RD, 1992. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. J Infect Dis 166: 1124–1132.
Moral L, Rubio EM, Moya M, 2002. A leishmanin skin test survey in the human population of l'Alacanti region (Spain): implications for the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in southern Europe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 129–132.
Sundar S, Maurya R, Singh RK, Bharti K, Chakravarty J, Parekh A, Rai M, Kumar K, Murray HW, 2006. Rapid, noninvasive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India: comparison of two immunochromatographic strip tests for detection of anti-K39 antibody. J Clin Microbiol 44: 251–253.
da Silva MR, Stewart JM, Costa CH, 2005. Sensitivity of bone marrow aspirates in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 811–814.
Thakur CP, 1997. A comparison of intercostal and abdominal routes of splenic aspiration and bone marrow aspiration in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 668–670.
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el-Hassan AM, el-Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1992. Kala-azar: a comparative study of parasitological methods and the direct agglutination test in diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 505–507.
Ciaramella P, Oliva G, Luna RD, Gradoni L, Ambrosio R, Cortese L, Scalone A, Persechino A, 1997. A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Rec 141: 539–543.
Dos-Santos WL, Jesus EE, Paranhos-Silva M, Pereira AM, Santos JC, Baleeiro CO, Nascimento EG, Moreira ED, Oliveira GG, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, 2008. Associations among immunological, parasitological and clinical parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis: emaciation, spleen parasitism, specific antibodies and leishmanin skin test reaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 123: 251–259.
Koutinas AF, Polizopoulou ZS, Saridomichelakis MN, Argyriadis D, Fytianou A, Plevraki KG, 1999. Clinical considerations on canine visceral leishmaniasis in Greece: a retrospective study of 158 cases (1989–1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35: 376–383.
Saridomichelakis MN, Mylonakis ME, Leontides LS, Koutinas AF, Billinis C, Kontos VI, 2005. Evaluation of lymph node and bone marrow cytology in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum) in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 82–86.
Pedras MJ, de Gouvea Viana L, de Oliveira EJ, Rabello A, 2008. Comparative evaluation of direct agglutination test, rK39 and soluble antigen ELISA and IFAT for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 172–178.
Scalone A, De Luna R, Oliva G, Baldi L, Satta G, Vesco G, Mignone W, Turilli C, Mondesire RR, Simpson D, Donoghue AR, Frank GR, Gradoni L, 2002. Evaluation of the Leishmania recombinant K39 antigen as a diagnostic marker for canine leishmaniasis and validation of a standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Parasitol 104: 275–285.
Shaw JJ, Voller A, 1964. The detection of circulating antibody to kala-azar by means of immunofluorescent techniques. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 58: 349–352.
Bartlett A, Bidwell DE, 1976. Enzyme immunoassays for parasitic diseases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 70: 98–106.
Harith AE, Kolk AH, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarman JJ, 1986. A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 583–36.
el Harith A, Slappendel RJ, Reiter I, van Knapen F, de Korte P, Huigen E, Kolk AH, 1989. Application of a direct agglutination test for detection of specific anti-Leishmania antibodies in the canine reservoir. J Clin Microbiol 27: 2252–2257.
Sundar S, Singh RK, Maurya R, Kumar B, Chhabra A, Singh V, Rai M, 2006. Serological diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: direct agglutination test versus rK39 strip test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 533–537.
Kar K, 1995. Serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Crit Rev Microbiol 21: 123–152.
Kubar J, Fragaki K, 2005. Recombinant DNA-derived Leishmania proteins: from the laboratory to the field. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 107–114.
Burns JM Jr, Shreffler WG, Benson DR, Ghalib HW, Badaro R, Reed SG, 1993. Molecular characterization of a kinesin-related antigen of Leishmania chagasi that detects specific antibody in African and American visceral leishmaniasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 775–779.
Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M, 2006. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ 333: 723.
Evans TG, Krug EC, Wilson ME, Vasconcelos AW, de Alencar JE, Pearson RD, 1989. Evaluation of antibody responses in American visceral leishmaniasis by ELISA and immunoblot. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84: 157–166.
Mary C, Lamouroux D, Dunan S, Quilici M, 1992. Western blot analysis of antibodies to Leishmania infantum antigens: potential of the 14-kD and 16-kD antigens for diagnosis and epidemiologic purposes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 764–771.
Aisa MJ, Castillejo S, Gallego M, Fisa R, Riera MC, de Colmenares M, Torras S, Roura X, Sentis J, Portus M, 1998. Diagnostic potential of Western blot analysis of sera from dogs with leishmaniasis in endemic areas and significance of the pattern. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 154–159.
le Fichoux Y, Quaranta JF, Aufeuvre JP, Lelievre A, Marty P, Suffia I, Rousseau D, Kubar J, 1999. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1953–1957.
Teixeira MC, Oliveira GG, Silvany MA, Alcantara-Neves NM, Soares MB, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos R, Jeronimo SM, Costa CH, Dos-Santos WL, Eichinger D, Pontes-de-Carvalho L, 2007. A strategy for identifying serodiagnostically relevant antigens of Leishmania or other pathogens in genetic libraries. Biologicals 35: 51–54.
Carvalho SF, Lemos EM, Corey R, Dietze R, 2003. Performance of recombinant K39 antigen in the diagnosis of Brazilian visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 321–324.
Braz RF, Nascimento ET, Martins DR, Wilson ME, Pearson RD, Reed SG, Jeronimo SM, 2002. The sensitivity and specificity of Leishmania chagasi recombinant K39 antigen in the diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis and in differentiating active from subclinical infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 344–348.
Lemos EM, Laurenti MD, Moreira MA, Reis AB, Giunchetti RC, Raychaudhuri S, Dietze R, 2008. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: performance of a rapid diagnostic test (Kalazar Detect) in dogs with and without signs of the disease. Acta Trop 107: 205–207.
Reithinger R, Quinnell RJ, Alexander B, Davies CR, 2002. Rapid detection of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs: comparative study using an immunochromatographic dipstick test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40: 2352–2356.
Goto Y, Coler RN, Guderian J, Mohamath R, Reed SG, 2006. Cloning, characterization, and serodiagnostic evaluation of Leishmania infantum tandem repeat proteins. Infect Immun 74: 3939–3945.
Baleeiro CO, Paranhos-Silva M, Dos Santos JC, Oliveira GG, Nascimento EG, de Carvalho LP, Dos-Santos WL, 2006. Montenegro's skin reactions and antibodies against different Leishmania species in dogs from a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area. Vet Parasitol 139: 21–28.
de Melo Neto OP, Standart N, Martins de Sa C, 1995. Autoregulation of poly(A)-binding protein synthesis in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 23: 2198–2205.
Reis AB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Vale AM, Marques MJ, Giunchetti RC, Mayrink W, Guerra LL, Andrade RA, Correa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, 2006. Isotype patterns of immunoglobulins: hallmarks for clinical status and tissue parasite density in Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 112: 102–116.
Folgueira C, Requena JM, 2007. A postgenomic view of the heat shock proteins in kinetoplastids. FEMS Microbiol Rev 31: 359–377.
Goto Y, Coler RN, Reed SG, 2007. Bioinformatic identification of tandem repeat antigens of the Leishmania donovani complex. Infect Immun 75: 846–851.
Germot A, Philippe H, 1999. Critical analysis of eukaryotic phylogeny: a case study based on the HSP70 family. J Eukaryot Microbiol 46: 116–124.
MacFarlane J, Blaxter ML, Bishop RP, Miles MA, Kelly JM, 1990. Identification and characterisation of a Leishmania donovani antigen belonging to the 70-kDa heat-shock protein family. Eur J Biochem 190: 377–384.
de Andrade CR, Kirchhoff LV, Donelson JE, Otsu K, 1992. Recombinant Leishmania Hsp90 and Hsp70 are recognized by sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients but not Chagas' disease patients. J Clin Microbiol 30: 330–335.
Arora SK, Melby PC, Sehgal S, 1995. Lack of serological specificity of recombinant heat shock protein of Leishmania donovani. Immunol Cell Biol 73: 446–451.
Quijada L, Requena JM, Soto M, Alonso C, 1996. During canine viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis the anti-Hsp70 antibodies are specifically elicited by the parasite protein. Parasitology 112: 277–284.
Kano R, Abe K, Hasegawa A, 2004. cDNA of canine heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Vet Res Commun 28: 395–405.
Miki H, Okada Y, Hirokawa N, 2005. Analysis of the kinesin superfamily: insights into structure and function. Trends Cell Biol 15: 467–476.
Gerald NJ, Coppens I, Dwyer DM, 2007. Molecular dissection and expression of the LdK39 kinesin in the human pathogen, Leishmania donovani. Mol Microbiol 63: 962–979.
Sivakumar R, Sharma P, Chang KP, Singh S, 2006. Cloning, expression, and purification of a novel recombinant antigen from Leishmania donovani. Protein Expr Purif 46: 156–165.
Takagi H, Islam MZ, Itoh M, Islam AU, Saifuddin Ekram AR, Hussain SM, Hashiguchi Y, Kimura E, 2007. Short report: production of recombinant kinesin-related protein of Leishmania donovani and its application in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 902–905.
Hoft DF, Kim KS, Otsu K, Moser DR, Yost WJ, Blumin JH, Donelson JE, Kirchhoff LV, 1989. Trypanosoma cruzi expresses diverse repetitive protein antigens. Infect Immun 57: 1959–1967.
Hoft DF, Donelson JE, Kirchhoff LV, 1995. Repetitive protein antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi have diverse intracellular locations. J Parasitol 81: 549–554.
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Badaro R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Madureira C, Burns JM, Houghton RL, David JR, Reed SG, 1996. rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173: 758–761.
Soto M, Requena JM, Quijada L, Angel SO, Gomez LC, Guzman F, Patarroyo ME, Alonso C, 1995. During active viscerocutaneous leishmaniasis the anti-P2 humoral response is specifically triggered by the parasite P proteins. Clin Exp Immunol 100: 246–252.
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Mettler M, Grimm F, Capelli G, Camp H, Deplazes P, 2005. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochromatographic-dipstick and gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5515–5519.
Goto Y, Howard RF, Bhatia A, Trigo J, Nakatani M, Netto EM, Reed SG, 2009. Distinct antigen recognition pattern during zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in humans and dogs. Vet Parasitol 160: 215–220.
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To expand the available panel of recombinant proteins that can be useful for identifying Leishmania-infected dogs and for diagnosing human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we selected recombinant antigens from L. infantum, cDNA, and genomic libraries by using pools of serum samples from infected dogs and humans. The selected DNA fragments encoded homologs of a cytoplasmic heat-shock protein 70, a kinesin, a polyubiquitin, and two novel hypothetical proteins. Histidine-tagged recombinant proteins were produced after subcloning these DNA fragments and evaluated by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with panels of canine and human serum samples. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with different recombinant proteins had different sensitivities (67.4–93.0% and 36.4–97.2%) and specificities (76.1–100% and 90.4–97.3%) when tested with serum samples from Leishmania-infected dogs and human patients with VL. Overall, no single recombinant antigen was sufficient to serodiagnosis all canine or human VL cases.
Financial support: This study was supported by the Programa Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO); BNB-FINEP-MCT, Brazil; PDTIS (RID17), FIOCRUZ, Brazil; and Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, CNPq (INCT-DT grant 573839/2008-5).
Authors' addresses: Geraldo G. S. Oliveira, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, No. 121, Candeal, CEP 40.296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, E-mail: ggileno@bahia.fiocruz.br. Márcia C. A. Teixeira, Andrea M. Pereira, Cristiane G. M. Pinheiro, Lenita R. Santos, Washington L. C. dos-Santos, Edson D. Moreira Jr, and Lain C. Pontes de Carvalho, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Waldemar Falcão, No. 121, Brotas, CEP 40.296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Franklin B. Magalhães, Marília B. Nascimento, Cheila N. G. Bedor, Alessandra L. Albuquerque, Yara M. Gomes, Maria E. F. Brito, and Osvaldo P. Melo Neto, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Av. Moraes Rego s/n, Campus UFPE, CEP 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
Desjeux P, 2004. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 27: 305–318.
Ministry of Health, Brazil, 2003. Manual de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral. Brasilia, Brazil: Ministry of Health.
Desjeux P, 2001. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 239–243.
Mauricio IL, Howard MK, Stothard JR, Miles MA, 1999. Genomic diversity in the Leishmania donovani complex. Parasitology 119: 237–246.
Lukes J, Mauricio IL, Schonian G, Dujardin JC, Soteriadou K, Dedet JP, Kuhls K, Tintaya KW, Jirku M, Chocholova E, Haralambous C, Pratlong F, Obornik M, Horak A, Ayala FJ, Miles MA, 2007. Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9375–9380.
Badaro R, Jones TC, Lorenco R, Cerf BJ, Sampaio D, Carvalho EM, Rocha H, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1986. A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. J Infect Dis 154: 639–649.
Evans TG, Teixeira MJ, McAuliffe IT, Vasconcelos I, Vasconcelos AW, Sousa Ade A, Lima JW, Pearson RD, 1992. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. J Infect Dis 166: 1124–1132.
Moral L, Rubio EM, Moya M, 2002. A leishmanin skin test survey in the human population of l'Alacanti region (Spain): implications for the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in southern Europe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 129–132.
Sundar S, Maurya R, Singh RK, Bharti K, Chakravarty J, Parekh A, Rai M, Kumar K, Murray HW, 2006. Rapid, noninvasive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India: comparison of two immunochromatographic strip tests for detection of anti-K39 antibody. J Clin Microbiol 44: 251–253.
da Silva MR, Stewart JM, Costa CH, 2005. Sensitivity of bone marrow aspirates in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 811–814.
Thakur CP, 1997. A comparison of intercostal and abdominal routes of splenic aspiration and bone marrow aspiration in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 668–670.
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el-Hassan AM, el-Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1992. Kala-azar: a comparative study of parasitological methods and the direct agglutination test in diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 505–507.
Ciaramella P, Oliva G, Luna RD, Gradoni L, Ambrosio R, Cortese L, Scalone A, Persechino A, 1997. A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Rec 141: 539–543.
Dos-Santos WL, Jesus EE, Paranhos-Silva M, Pereira AM, Santos JC, Baleeiro CO, Nascimento EG, Moreira ED, Oliveira GG, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, 2008. Associations among immunological, parasitological and clinical parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis: emaciation, spleen parasitism, specific antibodies and leishmanin skin test reaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 123: 251–259.
Koutinas AF, Polizopoulou ZS, Saridomichelakis MN, Argyriadis D, Fytianou A, Plevraki KG, 1999. Clinical considerations on canine visceral leishmaniasis in Greece: a retrospective study of 158 cases (1989–1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35: 376–383.
Saridomichelakis MN, Mylonakis ME, Leontides LS, Koutinas AF, Billinis C, Kontos VI, 2005. Evaluation of lymph node and bone marrow cytology in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum) in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 82–86.
Pedras MJ, de Gouvea Viana L, de Oliveira EJ, Rabello A, 2008. Comparative evaluation of direct agglutination test, rK39 and soluble antigen ELISA and IFAT for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 172–178.
Scalone A, De Luna R, Oliva G, Baldi L, Satta G, Vesco G, Mignone W, Turilli C, Mondesire RR, Simpson D, Donoghue AR, Frank GR, Gradoni L, 2002. Evaluation of the Leishmania recombinant K39 antigen as a diagnostic marker for canine leishmaniasis and validation of a standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Parasitol 104: 275–285.
Shaw JJ, Voller A, 1964. The detection of circulating antibody to kala-azar by means of immunofluorescent techniques. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 58: 349–352.
Bartlett A, Bidwell DE, 1976. Enzyme immunoassays for parasitic diseases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 70: 98–106.
Harith AE, Kolk AH, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarman JJ, 1986. A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 583–36.
el Harith A, Slappendel RJ, Reiter I, van Knapen F, de Korte P, Huigen E, Kolk AH, 1989. Application of a direct agglutination test for detection of specific anti-Leishmania antibodies in the canine reservoir. J Clin Microbiol 27: 2252–2257.
Sundar S, Singh RK, Maurya R, Kumar B, Chhabra A, Singh V, Rai M, 2006. Serological diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: direct agglutination test versus rK39 strip test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 533–537.
Kar K, 1995. Serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Crit Rev Microbiol 21: 123–152.
Kubar J, Fragaki K, 2005. Recombinant DNA-derived Leishmania proteins: from the laboratory to the field. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 107–114.
Burns JM Jr, Shreffler WG, Benson DR, Ghalib HW, Badaro R, Reed SG, 1993. Molecular characterization of a kinesin-related antigen of Leishmania chagasi that detects specific antibody in African and American visceral leishmaniasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 775–779.
Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M, 2006. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ 333: 723.
Evans TG, Krug EC, Wilson ME, Vasconcelos AW, de Alencar JE, Pearson RD, 1989. Evaluation of antibody responses in American visceral leishmaniasis by ELISA and immunoblot. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84: 157–166.
Mary C, Lamouroux D, Dunan S, Quilici M, 1992. Western blot analysis of antibodies to Leishmania infantum antigens: potential of the 14-kD and 16-kD antigens for diagnosis and epidemiologic purposes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 764–771.
Aisa MJ, Castillejo S, Gallego M, Fisa R, Riera MC, de Colmenares M, Torras S, Roura X, Sentis J, Portus M, 1998. Diagnostic potential of Western blot analysis of sera from dogs with leishmaniasis in endemic areas and significance of the pattern. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 154–159.
le Fichoux Y, Quaranta JF, Aufeuvre JP, Lelievre A, Marty P, Suffia I, Rousseau D, Kubar J, 1999. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1953–1957.
Teixeira MC, Oliveira GG, Silvany MA, Alcantara-Neves NM, Soares MB, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos R, Jeronimo SM, Costa CH, Dos-Santos WL, Eichinger D, Pontes-de-Carvalho L, 2007. A strategy for identifying serodiagnostically relevant antigens of Leishmania or other pathogens in genetic libraries. Biologicals 35: 51–54.
Carvalho SF, Lemos EM, Corey R, Dietze R, 2003. Performance of recombinant K39 antigen in the diagnosis of Brazilian visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 321–324.
Braz RF, Nascimento ET, Martins DR, Wilson ME, Pearson RD, Reed SG, Jeronimo SM, 2002. The sensitivity and specificity of Leishmania chagasi recombinant K39 antigen in the diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis and in differentiating active from subclinical infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 344–348.
Lemos EM, Laurenti MD, Moreira MA, Reis AB, Giunchetti RC, Raychaudhuri S, Dietze R, 2008. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: performance of a rapid diagnostic test (Kalazar Detect) in dogs with and without signs of the disease. Acta Trop 107: 205–207.
Reithinger R, Quinnell RJ, Alexander B, Davies CR, 2002. Rapid detection of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs: comparative study using an immunochromatographic dipstick test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40: 2352–2356.
Goto Y, Coler RN, Guderian J, Mohamath R, Reed SG, 2006. Cloning, characterization, and serodiagnostic evaluation of Leishmania infantum tandem repeat proteins. Infect Immun 74: 3939–3945.
Baleeiro CO, Paranhos-Silva M, Dos Santos JC, Oliveira GG, Nascimento EG, de Carvalho LP, Dos-Santos WL, 2006. Montenegro's skin reactions and antibodies against different Leishmania species in dogs from a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area. Vet Parasitol 139: 21–28.
de Melo Neto OP, Standart N, Martins de Sa C, 1995. Autoregulation of poly(A)-binding protein synthesis in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 23: 2198–2205.
Reis AB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Vale AM, Marques MJ, Giunchetti RC, Mayrink W, Guerra LL, Andrade RA, Correa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, 2006. Isotype patterns of immunoglobulins: hallmarks for clinical status and tissue parasite density in Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 112: 102–116.
Folgueira C, Requena JM, 2007. A postgenomic view of the heat shock proteins in kinetoplastids. FEMS Microbiol Rev 31: 359–377.
Goto Y, Coler RN, Reed SG, 2007. Bioinformatic identification of tandem repeat antigens of the Leishmania donovani complex. Infect Immun 75: 846–851.
Germot A, Philippe H, 1999. Critical analysis of eukaryotic phylogeny: a case study based on the HSP70 family. J Eukaryot Microbiol 46: 116–124.
MacFarlane J, Blaxter ML, Bishop RP, Miles MA, Kelly JM, 1990. Identification and characterisation of a Leishmania donovani antigen belonging to the 70-kDa heat-shock protein family. Eur J Biochem 190: 377–384.
de Andrade CR, Kirchhoff LV, Donelson JE, Otsu K, 1992. Recombinant Leishmania Hsp90 and Hsp70 are recognized by sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients but not Chagas' disease patients. J Clin Microbiol 30: 330–335.
Arora SK, Melby PC, Sehgal S, 1995. Lack of serological specificity of recombinant heat shock protein of Leishmania donovani. Immunol Cell Biol 73: 446–451.
Quijada L, Requena JM, Soto M, Alonso C, 1996. During canine viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis the anti-Hsp70 antibodies are specifically elicited by the parasite protein. Parasitology 112: 277–284.
Kano R, Abe K, Hasegawa A, 2004. cDNA of canine heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Vet Res Commun 28: 395–405.
Miki H, Okada Y, Hirokawa N, 2005. Analysis of the kinesin superfamily: insights into structure and function. Trends Cell Biol 15: 467–476.
Gerald NJ, Coppens I, Dwyer DM, 2007. Molecular dissection and expression of the LdK39 kinesin in the human pathogen, Leishmania donovani. Mol Microbiol 63: 962–979.
Sivakumar R, Sharma P, Chang KP, Singh S, 2006. Cloning, expression, and purification of a novel recombinant antigen from Leishmania donovani. Protein Expr Purif 46: 156–165.
Takagi H, Islam MZ, Itoh M, Islam AU, Saifuddin Ekram AR, Hussain SM, Hashiguchi Y, Kimura E, 2007. Short report: production of recombinant kinesin-related protein of Leishmania donovani and its application in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 902–905.
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