ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Okello GB, Agata N, Ouma J, Cherogony SC, Tukei PM, Ochieng W, den Boer JW, Sanders EJ, 1993. Outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya. Lancet 341: 489.
-
2.
Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Kuria G, Ademba G, Agata NN, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Reiter P, Moore PS, Gubler DJ, 1998. First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992–1993. I. Epidemiologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 644–649.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 1996. Yellow fever, Kenya. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 71: 103.
-
4.
Sergon K, Njuguna C, Kalani R, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Bedno S, Burke H, Dumilla AM, Konde J, Njenga MK, Sang R, Breiman RF, 2008. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on Lamu Island, Kenya, October 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 333–337.
-
5.
Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster L, Henderson A, Khan AS, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Martin L, Mann P, Smoak BL, Ryan M, Ksiazek TG, Arthur RR, Ndikuyeze A, Agata NN & Peters CJ World Health Organization Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144.
-
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2007. Rift Valley fever outbreak–Kenya, November 2006–January 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 73–76.
-
7.
Sang RC, Dunster LM, 2001. The growing threat of arbovirus transmission and outbreaks in Kenya: a review. East Afr Med J 78: 655–661.
-
8.
LaBeaud AD, Ochiai Y, Peters C, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2007. Spectrum of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Kenya: insights from three distinct regions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 795–800.
-
9.
LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M, Mwanje MT, Muiruri S, Peters CJ, King CH, 2008. Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1240–1246.
-
10.
Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL, 1985. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 95: 197–209.
-
11.
Muturi EJ, Muriu S, Shililu J, Mwangangi JM, Jacob BG, Mbogo C, Githure J, Novak RJ, 2008. Blood-feeding patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus and other culicines and implications for disease transmission in Mwea rice scheme, Kenya. Parasitol Res 102: 1329–1335.
-
12.
Rodhain F, Ardoin P, Metselaar D, Salmon AM, Hannoun C, 1975. An epidemiologic and serologic study of arboviruses in Lake Rudolf basin. Trop Geogr Med 27: 307–312.
-
13.
Morrill JC, Johnson BK, Hyams C, Okoth F, Tukei PM, Mugambi M, Woody J, 1991. Serological evidence of arboviral infections among humans of coastal Kenya. J Trop Med Hyg 94: 166–168.
-
14.
Wang WK, Chen HL, Yang CF, Hsieh SC, Juan CC, Chang SM, Yu CC, Lin LH, Huang JH, King CC, 2006. Slower rates of clearance of viral load and virus-containing immune complexes in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Infect Dis 43: 1023–1030.
-
15.
Maher-Sturgess SL, Forrester NL, Wayper PJ, Gould EA, Hall RA, Barnard RT, Gibbs MJ, 2008. Universal primers that amplify RNA from all three flavivirus subgroups. Virol J 5: 16.
-
16.
Pincus LB, Grossman ME, Fox LP, 2008. The exanthem of dengue fever: clinical features of two US tourists traveling abroad. J Am Acad Dermatol 58: 308–316.
-
17.
Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Panella AJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Campbell GL, 2007. Chikungunya virus in US travelers returning from India, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 764–767.
-
18.
Rezza G, Nicoletti L, Angelini R, Romi R, Finarelli AC, Panning M, Cordioli P, Fortuna C, Boros S, Magurano F, Silvi G, Angelini P, Dottori M, Ciufolini MG, Majori GC, Cassone A, 2007. Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet 370: 1840–1846.
-
19.
Hochedez P, Jaureguiberry S, Debruyne M, Bossi P, Hausfater P, Brucker G, Bricaire F, Caumes E, 2006. Chikungunya infection in travelers. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1565–1567.
-
20.
Parola P, de Lamballerie X, Jourdan J, Rovery C, Vaillant V, Minodier P, Brouqui P, Flahault A, Raoult D, Charrel RN, 2006. Novel chikungunya virus variant in travelers returning from Indian Ocean islands. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1493–1499.
-
21.
Powers AM, Logue CH, 2007. Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. J Gen Virol 88: 2363–2377.
-
22.
Ayers M, Adachi D, Johnson G, Andonova M, Drebot M, Tellier R, 2006. A single tube RT-PCR assay for the detection of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. J Virol Methods 135: 235–239.
-
23.
Gubler DJ, 1998. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 480–496.
-
24.
Chiou SS, Crill WD, Chen LK, Chang GJJ, 2008. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using novel Japanese encephalitis virus antigen improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of flavivirus infections. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15: 825–835.
-
25.
Moormann AM, Chelimo K, Sumba OP, Lutzke ML, Ploutz-Snyder R, Newton D, Kazura J, Rochford R, 2005. Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in elevated Epstein-Barr virus loads in children. J Infect Dis 191: 1233–1238.
-
26.
Levitt NH, Ramsburg HH, Hasty SE, Repik PM, Cole FE Jr, Lupton HW, 1986. Development of an attenuated strain of chikungunya virus for use in vaccine production. Vaccine 4: 157–162.
-
27.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. 7th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
28.
Chretien JP, Anyamba A, Bedno S, Breiman R, Sang R, Sergon K, Powers AM, Onyango CO, Small J, Tucker CJ, Linthicum KJ, 2007. Drought-associated chikungunya emergence along coastal east Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 405–407.
-
29.
Reiter P, Cordellier R, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Savage HM, Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Agata NN, Gitau LG, Rapuoda BA, Gubler DJ, 1998. First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992–1993. II. Entomologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 650–656.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1012 | 857 | 114 |
| Full Text Views | 542 | 20 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 223 | 20 | 3 |
Serologic Evidence of Arboviral Infections among Humans in Kenya
Laura J. Sutherland
Laura J. Sutherland
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Ayla A. Cash
Ayla A. Cash
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Yan-Jang Scott Huang
Yan-Jang Scott Huang
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Rosemary C. Sang
Rosemary C. Sang
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Indu Malhotra
Indu Malhotra
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Ann M. Moormann
Ann M. Moormann
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Christopher L. King
Christopher L. King
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Scott C. Weaver
Scott C. Weaver
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Charles H. King
Charles H. King
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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A. Desiree LaBeaud
A. Desiree LaBeaud
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Outbreaks of arthropod-borne viral infections occur periodically across Kenya. However, limited surveillance takes place during interepidemic periods. Using serum samples obtained from asymptomatic persons across Kenya in 2000–2004, we assessed (by indirect immunofluorescent assay) prevalence of IgG against yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), dengue virus serotypes 1–4 (DENV1-4), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Older persons on the Indian Ocean coast were more likely to be seropositive than children inland: YFV = 42% versus 6%, WNV = 29% versus 6%, TBEV = 16% versus 6%, DENV-1 = 63% versus 9%, DENV-2 = 67% versus 7%, DENV-3 = 55% versus 6%, DENV-4 = 44% versus 8%, and CHIKV = 37% versus 20%. Among inland samples, children in lowlands were more likely to be seropositive for CHIKV (42% versus 0%) than children in highlands. In Kenya, transmission of arboviral infection continues between known epidemics and remains common across the country.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Laura J. Sutherland, Ayla A. Cash, Indu Malhotra, Chris L. King, and Charles H. King, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, E-mails: chikungunya.ljs@gmail.com, cash.65@osu.edu, ijm@case.edu, cxk21@case.edu, and chk@cwru.edu. Yan-Jang Scott Huang and Scott C. Weaver, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mails: yshuang@utmb.edu and sweaver@utmb.edu. Rosemary C. Sang, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: RSang@kemri.org. Ann M. Moormann, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, E-mail: ann.moormann@umassmed.edu. A. Desiree LaBeaud, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, and Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, E-mail: alabeaud@chori.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Okello GB, Agata N, Ouma J, Cherogony SC, Tukei PM, Ochieng W, den Boer JW, Sanders EJ, 1993. Outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya. Lancet 341: 489.
-
2.
Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Kuria G, Ademba G, Agata NN, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Reiter P, Moore PS, Gubler DJ, 1998. First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992–1993. I. Epidemiologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 644–649.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 1996. Yellow fever, Kenya. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 71: 103.
-
4.
Sergon K, Njuguna C, Kalani R, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Bedno S, Burke H, Dumilla AM, Konde J, Njenga MK, Sang R, Breiman RF, 2008. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on Lamu Island, Kenya, October 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 333–337.
-
5.
Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster L, Henderson A, Khan AS, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Martin L, Mann P, Smoak BL, Ryan M, Ksiazek TG, Arthur RR, Ndikuyeze A, Agata NN & Peters CJ World Health Organization Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144.
-
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2007. Rift Valley fever outbreak–Kenya, November 2006–January 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 73–76.
-
7.
Sang RC, Dunster LM, 2001. The growing threat of arbovirus transmission and outbreaks in Kenya: a review. East Afr Med J 78: 655–661.
-
8.
LaBeaud AD, Ochiai Y, Peters C, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2007. Spectrum of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Kenya: insights from three distinct regions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 795–800.
-
9.
LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M, Mwanje MT, Muiruri S, Peters CJ, King CH, 2008. Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1240–1246.
-
10.
Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL, 1985. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 95: 197–209.
-
11.
Muturi EJ, Muriu S, Shililu J, Mwangangi JM, Jacob BG, Mbogo C, Githure J, Novak RJ, 2008. Blood-feeding patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus and other culicines and implications for disease transmission in Mwea rice scheme, Kenya. Parasitol Res 102: 1329–1335.
-
12.
Rodhain F, Ardoin P, Metselaar D, Salmon AM, Hannoun C, 1975. An epidemiologic and serologic study of arboviruses in Lake Rudolf basin. Trop Geogr Med 27: 307–312.
-
13.
Morrill JC, Johnson BK, Hyams C, Okoth F, Tukei PM, Mugambi M, Woody J, 1991. Serological evidence of arboviral infections among humans of coastal Kenya. J Trop Med Hyg 94: 166–168.
-
14.
Wang WK, Chen HL, Yang CF, Hsieh SC, Juan CC, Chang SM, Yu CC, Lin LH, Huang JH, King CC, 2006. Slower rates of clearance of viral load and virus-containing immune complexes in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Infect Dis 43: 1023–1030.
-
15.
Maher-Sturgess SL, Forrester NL, Wayper PJ, Gould EA, Hall RA, Barnard RT, Gibbs MJ, 2008. Universal primers that amplify RNA from all three flavivirus subgroups. Virol J 5: 16.
-
16.
Pincus LB, Grossman ME, Fox LP, 2008. The exanthem of dengue fever: clinical features of two US tourists traveling abroad. J Am Acad Dermatol 58: 308–316.
-
17.
Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Panella AJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Campbell GL, 2007. Chikungunya virus in US travelers returning from India, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 764–767.
-
18.
Rezza G, Nicoletti L, Angelini R, Romi R, Finarelli AC, Panning M, Cordioli P, Fortuna C, Boros S, Magurano F, Silvi G, Angelini P, Dottori M, Ciufolini MG, Majori GC, Cassone A, 2007. Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet 370: 1840–1846.
-
19.
Hochedez P, Jaureguiberry S, Debruyne M, Bossi P, Hausfater P, Brucker G, Bricaire F, Caumes E, 2006. Chikungunya infection in travelers. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1565–1567.
-
20.
Parola P, de Lamballerie X, Jourdan J, Rovery C, Vaillant V, Minodier P, Brouqui P, Flahault A, Raoult D, Charrel RN, 2006. Novel chikungunya virus variant in travelers returning from Indian Ocean islands. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1493–1499.
-
21.
Powers AM, Logue CH, 2007. Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. J Gen Virol 88: 2363–2377.
-
22.
Ayers M, Adachi D, Johnson G, Andonova M, Drebot M, Tellier R, 2006. A single tube RT-PCR assay for the detection of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. J Virol Methods 135: 235–239.
-
23.
Gubler DJ, 1998. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 480–496.
-
24.
Chiou SS, Crill WD, Chen LK, Chang GJJ, 2008. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using novel Japanese encephalitis virus antigen improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of flavivirus infections. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15: 825–835.
-
25.
Moormann AM, Chelimo K, Sumba OP, Lutzke ML, Ploutz-Snyder R, Newton D, Kazura J, Rochford R, 2005. Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in elevated Epstein-Barr virus loads in children. J Infect Dis 191: 1233–1238.
-
26.
Levitt NH, Ramsburg HH, Hasty SE, Repik PM, Cole FE Jr, Lupton HW, 1986. Development of an attenuated strain of chikungunya virus for use in vaccine production. Vaccine 4: 157–162.
-
27.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. 7th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
28.
Chretien JP, Anyamba A, Bedno S, Breiman R, Sang R, Sergon K, Powers AM, Onyango CO, Small J, Tucker CJ, Linthicum KJ, 2007. Drought-associated chikungunya emergence along coastal east Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 405–407.
-
29.
Reiter P, Cordellier R, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Savage HM, Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Agata NN, Gitau LG, Rapuoda BA, Gubler DJ, 1998. First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992–1993. II. Entomologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 650–656.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1012 | 857 | 114 |
| Full Text Views | 542 | 20 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 223 | 20 | 3 |