An Acarologic Survey and Amblyomma americanum Distribution Map with Implications for Tularemia Risk in Missouri

Heidi E. Brown Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Karen F. Yates Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Gabrielle Dietrich Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Katherine MacMillan Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Christine B. Graham Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Sara M. Reese Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Wm. Steve Helterbrand Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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William L. Nicholson Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Keith Blount Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Paul S. Mead Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Sarah L. Patrick Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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Rebecca J. Eisen Bacterial Diseases Branch, and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri; Patient Safety Program, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, Colorado; Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, Rolla, Missouri; United States Air Force Research Laboratories, Brooks City-Base, Texas; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0593
Volume/Issue:
Volume 84: Issue 3
Page(s):
411–419
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In the United States, tickborne diseases occur focally. Missouri represents a major focus of several tickborne diseases that includes spotted fever rickettsiosis, tularemia, and ehrlichiosis. Our study sought to determine the potential risk of human exposure to human-biting vector ticks in this area. We collected ticks in 79 sites in southern Missouri during June 7–10, 2009, which yielded 1,047 adult and 3,585 nymphal Amblyomma americanum, 5 adult Amblyomma maculatum, 19 adult Dermacentor variabilis, and 5 nymphal Ixodes brunneus. Logistic regression analysis showed that areas posing an elevated risk of exposure to A. americanum nymphs or adults were more likely to be classified as forested than grassland, and the probability of being classified as elevated risk increased with increasing relative humidity during the month of June (30-year average). Overall accuracy of each of the two models was greater than 70% and showed that 20% and 30% of the state were classified as elevated risk for human exposure to nymphs and adults, respectively. We also found a significant positive association between heightened acarologic risk and counties reporting tularemia cases. Our study provides an updated distribution map for A. americanum in Missouri and suggests a wide-spread risk of human exposure to A. americanum and their associated pathogens in this region.

Author Notes

*Address correspondence to Heidi E. Brown, The University of Arizona School of Geography and Development, 1103 East 2nd Street, Harvill Room 405 Tucson, AZ 85721-0076. E-mail: heidibrown@email.arizona.edu

Financial support: This study was supported in part by the appointment of Heidi E. Brown to the Research Participation Program at the National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, CDC administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and CDC. Partial support for this project was provided through the internal funding under the CDC National Center for Environmental Health.

Authors' addresses: Heidi E. Brown, The University of Arizona School of Geography and Development, Tucson, AZ, E-mail: heidibrown@email.arizona.edu. Karen F. Yates, Vector-Borne Disease Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO, E-mail: karen.yates@dhss.mo.gov. Gabrielle Dietrich, Katherine MacMillan, Christine B. Graham, Paul S. Mead, and Rebecca J. Eisen, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: edietrich@cdc.gov, kmacmillan@cdc.gov, cgraham@cdc.gov, pfm0@cdc.gov, and rjeisen@cdc.gov. Sara M. Reese, Health Facilities and Emergency Medical Services, Division Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, South Denver, CO, E-mail: sreese@smtpgate.dphe.state.co.us. Wm. Steve Helterbrand, U.S. Geological Survey, National Geospatial Technical Operations Center, Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science, Rolla MO, E-mail: vwhelterbrand@usgs.gov. William L. Nicholson, Disease Assessment Team, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: wnicholson@cdc.gov. Keith Blount, Department of Biology, U.S. Air Force Academy, CO, E-mail: keith.blount@us.af.mil. Sarah L. Patrick, Section of Epidemiology and Public Health Practice, Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO, E-mail: sarah.patrick@dhss.mo.gov.

Copyright:
©The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2011
Received:
18 Oct 2010
|
Accepted:
21 Nov 2010
|
Published Online:
04 Mar 2011
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
Online ISSN:
1476-1645
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