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1.
Rosa G, Clasen T, 2010. Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low- and middle-income countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 289–300.
-
2.
Sobsey MD, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: The World Health Organization (WHO/SDE/WSH/02.07).
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3.
WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization,
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4.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
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5.
Clasen TF, Thao do H, Boisson S, Shipin O, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam. Environ Sci Technol 42: 4255–4260.
-
6.
Clasen T, McLaughlin C, Nayaar N, Boisson S, Gupta R, Desai D, Shah N, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of disinfecting water by boiling in semi-urban India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 407–413.
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7.
Oswald WE, Lescano AG, Bern C, Calderon MM, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, 2007. Fecal contamination of drinking water within peri-urban households, Lima, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 699–704.
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Levy K, Hubbard AE, Nelson KL, Eisenberg JN, 2009. Drivers of water quality variability in northen coastal Ecuador. Environ Sci Technol 15: 1788–1797.
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Luby SP, Syed AH, Atiullah N, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch S, 1999. Limited effectiveness of home drinking water purification efforts in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 4: 3–7.
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PRESANCA, 2009. Fortalecimiento Municipal en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional y Desarrollo Local 2006–2009. Resumen de Logros y Avances. Municipio de san Mateo Ixtatán. Departamento de Huehuetenango, Guatemala.
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APHA, 2001. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.
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Lloyd B, Helmer R, 1991. Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality in Rural Areas. Essex, England: Longman Scientific and Technical.
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13.
Clasen TF, Thao do H, Boisson S, Shipin O, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam. Environ Sci Technol 42: 4255–4260.
-
14.
McLaughlin LA, Levy K, Beck NK, Shin GA, Meschke JS, Eisenberg JN, 2009. An observational study on the effectiveness of point-of-use chlorination. J Environ Health 71: 48–53.
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15.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2003. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
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16.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy J, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106.
-
17.
Arnold B., Mäusezahl D, Hubbard A, Colford JM Jr, 2009. Evaluation of a pre-existing, 3-year household water treatment and handwashing intervention in rural Guatemala. Int J Epidemiol 38: 1651–1661.
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Moser S, Heri S, Mosler HJ, 2005. Determinants of the Diffusion of SODIS. A Qualitative Field Study in Bolivia: Summary Report.
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Boisson S, Schmidt WP, Berhanu T, Gerrage K, Gairaj V, 2009. Randomized controlled trial in rural Ethiopia to assess a portable water treatment device. Environ Sci Technol 43: 407–413.
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Rose A, Roy S, Abraham V, Holmgren G, George K, Bairaj V, Abrahams S, Muliyil J, Joseph A, Kang G, 2006. Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India. Arch Dis Child 91: 139–141.
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21.
Hunter PR, Zmirou-Navier D, Hartemann P, 2009. Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 407: 2621–2624.
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22.
Gupta SK, Suanatio O, Gray A, Widyastuti E, Jain N, Rolos R, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2007. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1158–1162.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 585 | 434 | 35 |
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Microbiological Effectiveness of Disinfecting Water by Boiling in Rural Guatemala
Ghislaine Rosa
Ghislaine Rosa
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Laura Miller
Laura Miller
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Thomas Clasen
Thomas Clasen
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Boiling is the most common means of treating water in the home and the benchmark against which alternative point-of-use water treatment options must be compared. In a 5-week study in rural Guatemala among 45 households who claimed they always or almost always boiled their drinking water, boiling was associated with a 86.2% reduction in geometric mean thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) (N = 206, P < 0.0001). Despite consistent levels of fecal contamination in source water, 71.2% of stored water samples from self-reported boilers met the World Health Organization guidelines for safe drinking water (0 TTC/100 mL), and 10.7% fell within the commonly accepted low-risk category of (1–10 TTC/100 mL). As actually practiced in the study community, boiling significantly improved the microbiological quality of drinking water, though boiled and stored drinking water is not always free of fecal contaminations.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, E-mails: ghislaine.rose@lshtm.ac.uk, l_miller@uwalumni.com, and thomas.clasen@lshtm.ac.uk.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Rosa G, Clasen T, 2010. Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low- and middle-income countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 289–300.
-
2.
Sobsey MD, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: The World Health Organization (WHO/SDE/WSH/02.07).
-
3.
WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization,
-
4.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
-
5.
Clasen TF, Thao do H, Boisson S, Shipin O, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam. Environ Sci Technol 42: 4255–4260.
-
6.
Clasen T, McLaughlin C, Nayaar N, Boisson S, Gupta R, Desai D, Shah N, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of disinfecting water by boiling in semi-urban India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 407–413.
-
7.
Oswald WE, Lescano AG, Bern C, Calderon MM, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, 2007. Fecal contamination of drinking water within peri-urban households, Lima, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 699–704.
-
8.
Levy K, Hubbard AE, Nelson KL, Eisenberg JN, 2009. Drivers of water quality variability in northen coastal Ecuador. Environ Sci Technol 15: 1788–1797.
-
9.
Luby SP, Syed AH, Atiullah N, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch S, 1999. Limited effectiveness of home drinking water purification efforts in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 4: 3–7.
-
10.
PRESANCA, 2009. Fortalecimiento Municipal en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional y Desarrollo Local 2006–2009. Resumen de Logros y Avances. Municipio de san Mateo Ixtatán. Departamento de Huehuetenango, Guatemala.
-
11.
APHA, 2001. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.
-
12.
Lloyd B, Helmer R, 1991. Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality in Rural Areas. Essex, England: Longman Scientific and Technical.
-
13.
Clasen TF, Thao do H, Boisson S, Shipin O, 2008. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam. Environ Sci Technol 42: 4255–4260.
-
14.
McLaughlin LA, Levy K, Beck NK, Shin GA, Meschke JS, Eisenberg JN, 2009. An observational study on the effectiveness of point-of-use chlorination. J Environ Health 71: 48–53.
-
15.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2003. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106–117.
-
16.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy J, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9: 106.
-
17.
Arnold B., Mäusezahl D, Hubbard A, Colford JM Jr, 2009. Evaluation of a pre-existing, 3-year household water treatment and handwashing intervention in rural Guatemala. Int J Epidemiol 38: 1651–1661.
-
18.
Moser S, Heri S, Mosler HJ, 2005. Determinants of the Diffusion of SODIS. A Qualitative Field Study in Bolivia: Summary Report.
-
19.
Boisson S, Schmidt WP, Berhanu T, Gerrage K, Gairaj V, 2009. Randomized controlled trial in rural Ethiopia to assess a portable water treatment device. Environ Sci Technol 43: 407–413.
-
20.
Rose A, Roy S, Abraham V, Holmgren G, George K, Bairaj V, Abrahams S, Muliyil J, Joseph A, Kang G, 2006. Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India. Arch Dis Child 91: 139–141.
-
21.
Hunter PR, Zmirou-Navier D, Hartemann P, 2009. Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 407: 2621–2624.
-
22.
Gupta SK, Suanatio O, Gray A, Widyastuti E, Jain N, Rolos R, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2007. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1158–1162.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 585 | 434 | 35 |
| Full Text Views | 566 | 14 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 286 | 13 | 1 |