ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith TA, Tanner M, Singer BH, 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl):118–127.
-
2
United Nations, 2006. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. New York: United Nations Publications.
-
3
Robert V, Macintyre K, Keating J, Trape JF, Duchemin JB, Warren M, Beier JC, 2003. Malaria transmission in urban sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :169–176.
-
4
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ, 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull World Health Organ 76 :33–45.
-
5
Introduction—malaria. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/malaria.html. Accessed May 10, 2009.
-
6
Abeku TA, van Oortmarssen GJ, Borsboom G, de Vlas SJ, Habbema JD, 2003. Spatial and temporal variations of malaria epidemic risk in Ethiopia: factors involved and implications. Acta Trop 87 :331–340.
-
7
Teklehaimanot HD, Lipsitch M, Teklehaimanot A, Schwartz J, 2004. Weather-based prediction of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in epidemic-prone regions of Ethiopia I. Patterns of lagged weather effects reflect biological mechanisms. Malar J 3 :41.
-
8
Abeku TA, De Vlas SJ, Borsboom GJ, Tadege A, Gebreyesus Y, Gebreyohannes H, Alamirew D, Seifu A, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, 2004. Effects of meteorological factors on epidemic malaria in Ethiopia: a statistical modelling approach based on theoretical reasoning. Parasitology 128 :585–593.
-
9
Abeku TA, de Vlas SJ, Borsboom G, Teklehaimanot A, Kebede A, Olana D, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD, 2002. Forecasting malaria incidence from historical morbidity patterns in epidemic-prone areas of Ethiopia: a simple seasonal adjustment method performs best. Trop Med Int Health 7 :851–857.
-
10
Craig MH, Kleinschmidt I, Le Sueur D, Sharp BL, 2004. Exploring 30 years of malaria case data in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: part II. The impact of non-climatic factors. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1258–1266.
-
11
Freeman T, Bradley M, 1996. Temperature is predictive of severe malaria years in Zimbabwe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :232.
-
12
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 1999. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :480–487.
-
13
Kilian AH, Langi P, Talisuna A, Kabagambe G, 1999. Rainfall pattern, El Nino and malaria in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :22–23.
-
14
Hay S, Renshaw M, Ochola SA, Noor AM, Snow RW, 2003. Performance of forecasting, warning and detection of malaria epidemics in the highlands of western Kenya. Trends Parasitol 19 :394–399.
-
15
Hay SI, Were EC, Renshaw M, Noor AM, Ochola SA, Olusanmi I, Alipui N, Snow RW, 2003. Forecasting, warning, and detection of malaria epidemics: a case study. Lancet 361 :1705–1706.
-
16
Ribeiro JM, Seulu F, Abose T, Kidane G, Teklehaimanot A, 1996. Temporal and spatial distribution of anopheline mosquitos in an Ethiopian village: implications for malaria control strategies. Bull World Health Organ 74 :299–305.
-
17
Peterson I, Borrell LN, El-Sadr W, Teklehaimanot A, 2009. Individual and household level factors associated with malaria incidence in a highland region of Ethiopia: a multi-level analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80 :103–111.
-
18
Yohannes M, Petros B, 1996. Urban malaria in Nazareth, Ethiopia: parasitological studies. Ethiop Med J 34 :83–91.
-
19
Wilpen LG, Kurland KS, 2005. GIS Tutorial Workbook for ArcView 9. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.
-
20
Kulldorff M, 1997. A spatial scan statistic. Comm Statist Theory Methods 26 :1481–1496.
-
21
Thompson R, Begtrup K, Cuamba N, Dgedge M, Mendis C, Gamage-Mendis A, Enosse SM, Barreto J, Sinden RE, Hogh B, 1997. The Matola malaria project: a temporal and spatial study of malaria transmission and disease in a suburban area of Maputo, Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :550–559.
-
22
Brooker S, Clarke S, Njagi JK, Polack S, Mugo B, Estambale B, Muchiri E, Magnussen P, Cox J, 2004. Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9 :757–766.
-
23
Ernst KC, Adoka SO, Kowuor DO, Wilson ML, John CC, 2006. Malaria hotspot areas in a highland Kenya site are consistent in epidemic and non-epidemic years and are associated with ecological factors. Malar J 5: 78.
-
24
Service MW, Townson H, 2002. The Anopheles vector. Warrel DA, Gilles HM, eds. Essential Malariology. Fourth edition. New York: Arnold; 59–87.
-
25
Marsh K, 2002. Immunology of malaria. Warrel DA, Gilles HM, eds. Essential Malariology. Fourth edition. New York: Arnold; 252–267.
-
26
Turner G, Francis N, 2002. Pathology and pathophysiology of human malaria. Warrel DA, Gilles HM, eds. Essential Malariology. Fourth edition. New York: Arnold; 236–251.
-
27
Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, Getachew A, Yohannes M, Lindsay SW, Byass P, 2000. Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :17–21.
-
28
Koram KA, Bennett S, Adiamah JH, Greenwood BM, 1995. Socioeconomic risk factors for malaria in a peri-urban area of The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :146–150.
-
29
Gunawardena DM, Wickremasinghe AR, Muthuwatta L, Weerasingha S, Rajakaruna J, Senanayaka T, Kotta PK, Attanayake N, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1998. Malaria risk factors in an endemic region of Sri Lanka, and the impact and cost implications of risk factor-based interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :533–542.
-
30
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
31
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Knols BG, 2002. Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malar J 1 :8.
-
32
Gu W, Novak RJ, 2005. Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence, and prevalence of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :546–552.
-
33
Carter R, Mendis KN, Roberts D, 2000. Spatial targeting of interventions against malaria. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1401–1411.
-
34
Caldas de Castro M, Yamagata Y, Mtasiwa D, Tanner M, Utzinger J, Keiser J, Singer BH, 2004. Integrated urban malaria control: a case study in dar es salaam, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl):103–117.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 321 | 235 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 482 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 187 | 8 | 0 |
A Temporal-Spatial Analysis of Malaria Transmission in Adama, Ethiopia
Ingrid Peterson
Ingrid Peterson
Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Luisa N. Borrell
Luisa N. Borrell
Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Wafaa El-Sadr
Wafaa El-Sadr
Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Awash Teklehaimanot
Awash Teklehaimanot
Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Urban malaria is a growing problem in Africa. Small-scale spatial studies are useful in identifying foci of malaria transmission in urban communities. A population-based cohort study comprising 8,088 individuals was conducted in Adama, Ethiopia. During a single malaria season, the Kulldorff scan statistic identified one temporally stable spatial malaria cluster within 350 m of a major Anopheles breeding site. Factors associated with malaria incidence were residential proximity to vector breeding site, poor house condition (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 2.9), and a high level of vegetation (IRR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.3). Maximum (IRR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.9) and minimum daily temperatures (°C; IRR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.2, 1.5) were positively associated with malaria incidence after a 1-month delay. Rainfall was positively associated with malaria incidence after a 10-day delay. Findings support the use of small scale mapping and targeted vector control in urban malaria control programs in Africa.
Author Notes
ProCite
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-
1
Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith TA, Tanner M, Singer BH, 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl):118–127.
-
2
United Nations, 2006. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. New York: United Nations Publications.
-
3
Robert V, Macintyre K, Keating J, Trape JF, Duchemin JB, Warren M, Beier JC, 2003. Malaria transmission in urban sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :169–176.
-
4
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ, 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull World Health Organ 76 :33–45.
-
5
Introduction—malaria. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/malaria.html. Accessed May 10, 2009.
-
6
Abeku TA, van Oortmarssen GJ, Borsboom G, de Vlas SJ, Habbema JD, 2003. Spatial and temporal variations of malaria epidemic risk in Ethiopia: factors involved and implications. Acta Trop 87 :331–340.
-
7
Teklehaimanot HD, Lipsitch M, Teklehaimanot A, Schwartz J, 2004. Weather-based prediction of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in epidemic-prone regions of Ethiopia I. Patterns of lagged weather effects reflect biological mechanisms. Malar J 3 :41.
-
8
Abeku TA, De Vlas SJ, Borsboom GJ, Tadege A, Gebreyesus Y, Gebreyohannes H, Alamirew D, Seifu A, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, 2004. Effects of meteorological factors on epidemic malaria in Ethiopia: a statistical modelling approach based on theoretical reasoning. Parasitology 128 :585–593.
-
9
Abeku TA, de Vlas SJ, Borsboom G, Teklehaimanot A, Kebede A, Olana D, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD, 2002. Forecasting malaria incidence from historical morbidity patterns in epidemic-prone areas of Ethiopia: a simple seasonal adjustment method performs best. Trop Med Int Health 7 :851–857.
-
10
Craig MH, Kleinschmidt I, Le Sueur D, Sharp BL, 2004. Exploring 30 years of malaria case data in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: part II. The impact of non-climatic factors. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1258–1266.
-
11
Freeman T, Bradley M, 1996. Temperature is predictive of severe malaria years in Zimbabwe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :232.
-
12
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 1999. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :480–487.
-
13
Kilian AH, Langi P, Talisuna A, Kabagambe G, 1999. Rainfall pattern, El Nino and malaria in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :22–23.
-
14
Hay S, Renshaw M, Ochola SA, Noor AM, Snow RW, 2003. Performance of forecasting, warning and detection of malaria epidemics in the highlands of western Kenya. Trends Parasitol 19 :394–399.
-
15
Hay SI, Were EC, Renshaw M, Noor AM, Ochola SA, Olusanmi I, Alipui N, Snow RW, 2003. Forecasting, warning, and detection of malaria epidemics: a case study. Lancet 361 :1705–1706.
-
16
Ribeiro JM, Seulu F, Abose T, Kidane G, Teklehaimanot A, 1996. Temporal and spatial distribution of anopheline mosquitos in an Ethiopian village: implications for malaria control strategies. Bull World Health Organ 74 :299–305.
-
17
Peterson I, Borrell LN, El-Sadr W, Teklehaimanot A, 2009. Individual and household level factors associated with malaria incidence in a highland region of Ethiopia: a multi-level analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80 :103–111.
-
18
Yohannes M, Petros B, 1996. Urban malaria in Nazareth, Ethiopia: parasitological studies. Ethiop Med J 34 :83–91.
-
19
Wilpen LG, Kurland KS, 2005. GIS Tutorial Workbook for ArcView 9. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.
-
20
Kulldorff M, 1997. A spatial scan statistic. Comm Statist Theory Methods 26 :1481–1496.
-
21
Thompson R, Begtrup K, Cuamba N, Dgedge M, Mendis C, Gamage-Mendis A, Enosse SM, Barreto J, Sinden RE, Hogh B, 1997. The Matola malaria project: a temporal and spatial study of malaria transmission and disease in a suburban area of Maputo, Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :550–559.
-
22
Brooker S, Clarke S, Njagi JK, Polack S, Mugo B, Estambale B, Muchiri E, Magnussen P, Cox J, 2004. Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9 :757–766.
-
23
Ernst KC, Adoka SO, Kowuor DO, Wilson ML, John CC, 2006. Malaria hotspot areas in a highland Kenya site are consistent in epidemic and non-epidemic years and are associated with ecological factors. Malar J 5: 78.
-
24
Service MW, Townson H, 2002. The Anopheles vector. Warrel DA, Gilles HM, eds. Essential Malariology. Fourth edition. New York: Arnold; 59–87.
-
25
Marsh K, 2002. Immunology of malaria. Warrel DA, Gilles HM, eds. Essential Malariology. Fourth edition. New York: Arnold; 252–267.
-
26
Turner G, Francis N, 2002. Pathology and pathophysiology of human malaria. Warrel DA, Gilles HM, eds. Essential Malariology. Fourth edition. New York: Arnold; 236–251.
-
27
Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, Getachew A, Yohannes M, Lindsay SW, Byass P, 2000. Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :17–21.
-
28
Koram KA, Bennett S, Adiamah JH, Greenwood BM, 1995. Socioeconomic risk factors for malaria in a peri-urban area of The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :146–150.
-
29
Gunawardena DM, Wickremasinghe AR, Muthuwatta L, Weerasingha S, Rajakaruna J, Senanayaka T, Kotta PK, Attanayake N, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1998. Malaria risk factors in an endemic region of Sri Lanka, and the impact and cost implications of risk factor-based interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :533–542.
-
30
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
31
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Knols BG, 2002. Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malar J 1 :8.
-
32
Gu W, Novak RJ, 2005. Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence, and prevalence of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :546–552.
-
33
Carter R, Mendis KN, Roberts D, 2000. Spatial targeting of interventions against malaria. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1401–1411.
-
34
Caldas de Castro M, Yamagata Y, Mtasiwa D, Tanner M, Utzinger J, Keiser J, Singer BH, 2004. Integrated urban malaria control: a case study in dar es salaam, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl):103–117.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 321 | 235 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 482 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 187 | 8 | 0 |