ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Porrozzi R, Teva A, Amaral VF, Santos da Costa MV, Grimaldi G Jr, 2004. Cross-immunity experiments between different species or strains of Leishmania in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :297–305.
-
2
Magill AJ, Grogl M, Gasser RA Jr, Sun W, Oster CN, 1993. Visceral infection caused by Leishmania tropica in veterans of operation Desert Storm. N Engl J Med 328 :1383–1387.
-
3
Alborzi A, Rasouli M, Shamsizadeh A, 2006. Leishmania tropica-isolated patient with visceral leishmaniasis in southern Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 :306–307.
-
4
Mansour NS, Fryauff DJ, Modi GB, Mikhail EM, Youssef FG, 1991. Isolation and characterization of Leishmania major from Phlebotomus papatasi and military personnel in north Sinai, Egypt. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :590–591.
-
5
Dawoud HA, 2004. Identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Egypt by hybridization of PCR amplified mini-exon repeats. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 34 :881–892.
-
6
Kamal HA, Doha SA, El-Hossary SS, Shehata MG, El Sawaf BM, 2003. Human zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and associated sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sheikh Atiya village, southern Sinai, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 33 :795–803.
-
7
Morsy TA, Salama MM, Saleh MS, 1991. Leishmania major and Meriones crassus in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 21 :337–342.
-
8
Morsy TA, Shoukry A, Schnur LF, Sulitzeanu A, 1987. Gerbillus pyramidum is a host of Leishmania major in the Sinai Peninsula. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81 :741–742.
-
9
Fryauff DJ, Modi GB, Mansour NS, Kreutzer RD, Soliman S, Youssef FG, 1993. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis at a focus monitored by the multinational force and observers in the northeastern Sinai Desert of Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :598–607.
-
10
Schlein Y, Warburg A, Schnur LF, Le Blancq SM, Gunders AE, 1984. Leishmaniasis in Israel: reservoir hosts, sandfly vectors and Leishmania l strains in the Negev, Central Arava and along the Dead Sea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 :480–484.
-
11
Parvizi P, Benlarbi M, Ready PD, 2003. Mitochondrial and Wolbachia markers for the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi: little population differentiation between peridomestic sites and gerbil burrows in Isfahan province, Iran. Med Vet Entomol 17 :351–362.
-
12
Jacobson RL, 2003. Leishmania tropica (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)–a perplexing parasite. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 50 :241–250.
-
13
Garifallou A, Schnur LF, Stratigos JD, Hadziandoniou M, Savigos M, Stavrianeas N, Sérié C, 1984. Leishmaniasis in Greece II. Isolation and identification of the parasite causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in man. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 78 :369–675.
-
14
Mebrahtu YB, Lawyer PG, Ngumbi PM, Kirigi G, Mbugua J, Gachihi G, Wasunna K, Pamba H, Sherwood JA, Koech DK, 1992. A new rural focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :381–387.
-
15
Jacobson RL, Eisenberger CL, Svobodova M, Baneth G, Sztern J, Carvalho J, Nasereddin A, El Fari M, Shalom U, Volf P, Votypka J, Dedet JP, Pratlong F, Schonian G, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL, Warburg A, 2003. Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Israel. J Infect Dis 188 :1065–1073.
-
16
Sang DK, Njeru WK, Ashford RW, 1992. A possible animal reservoir for Leishmania tropica s.l. in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 86 :311–312.
-
17
Svobodova M, Votypka J, Peckova J, Dvorak V, Nasereddin A, Baneth G, Sztern J, Kravchenko V, Orr A, Meir D, Schnur LF, Volf P, Warburg A, 2006. Distinct transmission cycles of Leishmania tropica in 2 adjacent foci, Northern Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1860–1868.
-
18
Seccombe AK, Ready PD, Huddleston LM, 1993. A catalogue of Old World phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Occas Pap Syst Entomol 8 :1–57.
-
19
Cahill KM, 1965. Leishmania skin testing in Africa and the Middle East. East Afr Med J 42 :213–220.
-
20
Mohareb EW, Mikhail EM, Youssef FG, 1996. Leishmania tropica in Egypt: an undesirable import. Trop Med Int Health 1 :251–254.
-
21
Lane RP, 1986. The sand flies of Egypt (Diptera: Phlebotominae). Bull Br Mus Nat Hist Entomol 52 :1–35.
-
22
Osborn DJ, Helmy I, 1980. Mammals of Egypt. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1–579.
-
23
CIOMS, 1985. International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals. Altern Lab Anim 12 :ii.
-
24
Villinski JT, Klena JD, Abbassy MM, Hoel DF, Puplampu N, Mechta S, Boakye D, Raczniak G, 2008. Evidence for a new species of Leishmania associated with a focal disease outbreak in Ghana. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60 :323–327.
-
25
Wortmann G, Sweeney C, Houng H-S, Aronson N, Stiteler J, Jackson J, Ockenhouse C, 2001. Rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis by fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :583–587.
-
26
Mary C, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H, 2004. Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol 42 :5249–5255.
-
27
Wortmann G, Hochberg L, Houng H-H, Sweeney C, Zapor M, Aronson N, Weina P, Ockenhouse CF, 2005. Rapid identification of Leishmania complexes by a real-time PCR assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :999–1004.
-
28
El Tai NO, Osman OF, El Fari M, Presber W, Schönian G, 2000. Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphisms (sscp) and sequencing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :1–5.
-
29
Hall TA, 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41 :95–98.
-
30
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M, 2004. MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5 :150–163.
-
31
Schönian G, Nasereddin A, Dinse N, Schweynoch C, Schallig HDFH, Presber W, Jaffe CL, 2003. PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 47 :349–358.
-
32
Al-Jawabreh A, Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Schwenkenbecher JM, Abdeen Z, Barghuthy F, Khanfar H, Presber W, Schonian G, 2004. The recent emergence of Leishmania tropica in Jericho (A’riha) and its environs, a classical focus of L. major. ropMed Int Health 9 :812–816.
-
33
Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Eisenberger CL, Jaffe CL, El Fari M, Azmi K, Anders G, Killick-Kendrick M, Killick-Kendrick R, Dedet JP, Pratlong F, Kanaan M, Grossman T, Jacobson RL, Schonian G, Warburg A, 2004. Multifarious characterization of Leishmania tropica from a Judean desert focus, exposing intraspecific diversity and incriminating Phlebotomus sergenti as its vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :364–372.
-
34
Nasereddin A, Bensoussan-Hermano E, Schonian G, Baneth G, Jaffe CL, 2008. Molecular diagnosis of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis and species identification by use of a reverse line blot hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol 46 :2848–2855.
-
35
Schonian G, Schnur LF, El Fari M, Oskam L, Kolesnikov AA, Sokolowska-Kohler W, Presber W, 2001b. Genetic heterogeneity in the species Leishmania tropica revealed by PCR-based methods. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :217–224.
-
36
Desjeux P, 2001. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :239–243.
-
37
Morsy TA, El-Missiry AG, Kamal AM, Fayad ME, El-Sharkawy IM, 1990. Distribution of Phlebotomus species in the Nile delta, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 20 :589–598.
-
38
Hanafi HA, el Sawaf BM, Fryauff DJ, Beavers GM, Tetreault GE, 1998. Susceptibility to Leishmania major of different populations of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) from endemic and non-endemic regions of Egypt. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :57–64.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 115 | 97 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 247 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 73 | 2 | 0 |
First Report of Leishmania tropica from a Classical Focus of L. major in North-Sinai, Egypt
Magdi G. Shehata
Magdi G. Shehata
Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Research and Training Centers on Vectors of Diseases, RTC, Faculty of Science Building, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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Abdallah M. Samy
Abdallah M. Samy
Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Research and Training Centers on Vectors of Diseases, RTC, Faculty of Science Building, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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Said A. Doha
Said A. Doha
Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Research and Training Centers on Vectors of Diseases, RTC, Faculty of Science Building, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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Adel R. Fahmy
Adel R. Fahmy
Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Research and Training Centers on Vectors of Diseases, RTC, Faculty of Science Building, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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Rania M. Kaldas
Rania M. Kaldas
Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Research and Training Centers on Vectors of Diseases, RTC, Faculty of Science Building, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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Barry D. Furman
Barry D. Furman
Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Research and Training Centers on Vectors of Diseases, RTC, Faculty of Science Building, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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Jeffrey T. Villinski
Jeffrey T. Villinski
Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Research and Training Centers on Vectors of Diseases, RTC, Faculty of Science Building, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is prevalent in the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and previous research has consistently documented the etiologic agent to be Leishmania major. We report the first isolation of Leishmania tropica from human cases of CL in a Northern Sinai community bordering Palestine. Parasite culturing, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene sequencing, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses indicate CL cases in this community were caused by either L. major or L. tropica (three cases each). Two wild-caught rodents (Gerbillus pyramidum floweri) were infected with L. tropica. Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies were found harboring L. major, however only non-infected individuals of Phlebotomus sergenti, a vector for L. tropica, were caught. Patients with L. tropica had not traveled from the region in over a year, suggesting these cases are autochthonous. This scenario is consistent with an incursion of L. tropica from bordering countries and raises concerns about expansion of this parasite further into Egypt.
Author Notes
ProCite
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BibTeX
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-
1
Porrozzi R, Teva A, Amaral VF, Santos da Costa MV, Grimaldi G Jr, 2004. Cross-immunity experiments between different species or strains of Leishmania in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :297–305.
-
2
Magill AJ, Grogl M, Gasser RA Jr, Sun W, Oster CN, 1993. Visceral infection caused by Leishmania tropica in veterans of operation Desert Storm. N Engl J Med 328 :1383–1387.
-
3
Alborzi A, Rasouli M, Shamsizadeh A, 2006. Leishmania tropica-isolated patient with visceral leishmaniasis in southern Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 :306–307.
-
4
Mansour NS, Fryauff DJ, Modi GB, Mikhail EM, Youssef FG, 1991. Isolation and characterization of Leishmania major from Phlebotomus papatasi and military personnel in north Sinai, Egypt. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :590–591.
-
5
Dawoud HA, 2004. Identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Egypt by hybridization of PCR amplified mini-exon repeats. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 34 :881–892.
-
6
Kamal HA, Doha SA, El-Hossary SS, Shehata MG, El Sawaf BM, 2003. Human zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and associated sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sheikh Atiya village, southern Sinai, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 33 :795–803.
-
7
Morsy TA, Salama MM, Saleh MS, 1991. Leishmania major and Meriones crassus in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 21 :337–342.
-
8
Morsy TA, Shoukry A, Schnur LF, Sulitzeanu A, 1987. Gerbillus pyramidum is a host of Leishmania major in the Sinai Peninsula. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81 :741–742.
-
9
Fryauff DJ, Modi GB, Mansour NS, Kreutzer RD, Soliman S, Youssef FG, 1993. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis at a focus monitored by the multinational force and observers in the northeastern Sinai Desert of Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :598–607.
-
10
Schlein Y, Warburg A, Schnur LF, Le Blancq SM, Gunders AE, 1984. Leishmaniasis in Israel: reservoir hosts, sandfly vectors and Leishmania l strains in the Negev, Central Arava and along the Dead Sea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 :480–484.
-
11
Parvizi P, Benlarbi M, Ready PD, 2003. Mitochondrial and Wolbachia markers for the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi: little population differentiation between peridomestic sites and gerbil burrows in Isfahan province, Iran. Med Vet Entomol 17 :351–362.
-
12
Jacobson RL, 2003. Leishmania tropica (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)–a perplexing parasite. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 50 :241–250.
-
13
Garifallou A, Schnur LF, Stratigos JD, Hadziandoniou M, Savigos M, Stavrianeas N, Sérié C, 1984. Leishmaniasis in Greece II. Isolation and identification of the parasite causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in man. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 78 :369–675.
-
14
Mebrahtu YB, Lawyer PG, Ngumbi PM, Kirigi G, Mbugua J, Gachihi G, Wasunna K, Pamba H, Sherwood JA, Koech DK, 1992. A new rural focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :381–387.
-
15
Jacobson RL, Eisenberger CL, Svobodova M, Baneth G, Sztern J, Carvalho J, Nasereddin A, El Fari M, Shalom U, Volf P, Votypka J, Dedet JP, Pratlong F, Schonian G, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL, Warburg A, 2003. Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Israel. J Infect Dis 188 :1065–1073.
-
16
Sang DK, Njeru WK, Ashford RW, 1992. A possible animal reservoir for Leishmania tropica s.l. in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 86 :311–312.
-
17
Svobodova M, Votypka J, Peckova J, Dvorak V, Nasereddin A, Baneth G, Sztern J, Kravchenko V, Orr A, Meir D, Schnur LF, Volf P, Warburg A, 2006. Distinct transmission cycles of Leishmania tropica in 2 adjacent foci, Northern Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1860–1868.
-
18
Seccombe AK, Ready PD, Huddleston LM, 1993. A catalogue of Old World phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Occas Pap Syst Entomol 8 :1–57.
-
19
Cahill KM, 1965. Leishmania skin testing in Africa and the Middle East. East Afr Med J 42 :213–220.
-
20
Mohareb EW, Mikhail EM, Youssef FG, 1996. Leishmania tropica in Egypt: an undesirable import. Trop Med Int Health 1 :251–254.
-
21
Lane RP, 1986. The sand flies of Egypt (Diptera: Phlebotominae). Bull Br Mus Nat Hist Entomol 52 :1–35.
-
22
Osborn DJ, Helmy I, 1980. Mammals of Egypt. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1–579.
-
23
CIOMS, 1985. International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals. Altern Lab Anim 12 :ii.
-
24
Villinski JT, Klena JD, Abbassy MM, Hoel DF, Puplampu N, Mechta S, Boakye D, Raczniak G, 2008. Evidence for a new species of Leishmania associated with a focal disease outbreak in Ghana. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60 :323–327.
-
25
Wortmann G, Sweeney C, Houng H-S, Aronson N, Stiteler J, Jackson J, Ockenhouse C, 2001. Rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis by fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :583–587.
-
26
Mary C, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H, 2004. Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol 42 :5249–5255.
-
27
Wortmann G, Hochberg L, Houng H-H, Sweeney C, Zapor M, Aronson N, Weina P, Ockenhouse CF, 2005. Rapid identification of Leishmania complexes by a real-time PCR assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :999–1004.
-
28
El Tai NO, Osman OF, El Fari M, Presber W, Schönian G, 2000. Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphisms (sscp) and sequencing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :1–5.
-
29
Hall TA, 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41 :95–98.
-
30
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M, 2004. MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5 :150–163.
-
31
Schönian G, Nasereddin A, Dinse N, Schweynoch C, Schallig HDFH, Presber W, Jaffe CL, 2003. PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 47 :349–358.
-
32
Al-Jawabreh A, Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Schwenkenbecher JM, Abdeen Z, Barghuthy F, Khanfar H, Presber W, Schonian G, 2004. The recent emergence of Leishmania tropica in Jericho (A’riha) and its environs, a classical focus of L. major. ropMed Int Health 9 :812–816.
-
33
Schnur LF, Nasereddin A, Eisenberger CL, Jaffe CL, El Fari M, Azmi K, Anders G, Killick-Kendrick M, Killick-Kendrick R, Dedet JP, Pratlong F, Kanaan M, Grossman T, Jacobson RL, Schonian G, Warburg A, 2004. Multifarious characterization of Leishmania tropica from a Judean desert focus, exposing intraspecific diversity and incriminating Phlebotomus sergenti as its vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :364–372.
-
34
Nasereddin A, Bensoussan-Hermano E, Schonian G, Baneth G, Jaffe CL, 2008. Molecular diagnosis of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis and species identification by use of a reverse line blot hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol 46 :2848–2855.
-
35
Schonian G, Schnur LF, El Fari M, Oskam L, Kolesnikov AA, Sokolowska-Kohler W, Presber W, 2001b. Genetic heterogeneity in the species Leishmania tropica revealed by PCR-based methods. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :217–224.
-
36
Desjeux P, 2001. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :239–243.
-
37
Morsy TA, El-Missiry AG, Kamal AM, Fayad ME, El-Sharkawy IM, 1990. Distribution of Phlebotomus species in the Nile delta, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 20 :589–598.
-
38
Hanafi HA, el Sawaf BM, Fryauff DJ, Beavers GM, Tetreault GE, 1998. Susceptibility to Leishmania major of different populations of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) from endemic and non-endemic regions of Egypt. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :57–64.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 115 | 97 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 247 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 73 | 2 | 0 |