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-
1
Thwaites CL, Yen LM, Nga NT, Parry J, Binh NT, Loan HT, Thuy TT, Bethell D, Parry CM, White NJ, Day NP, Farrar JJ, 2004. Impact of improved vaccination programme and intensive care facilities on incidence and outcome of tetanus in southern Vietnam, 1993–2002. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :671–677.
-
2
Dietz V, Milstien JB, van Loon F, Cochi S, Bennett J, 1996. Performance and potency of tetanus toxoid: implications for eliminating neonatal tetanus. Bull World Health Organ 74 :619–628.
-
3
Whitman C, Belgharbi L, Gasse F, Torel C, Mattei V, Zoffmann H, 1992. Progress towards the global elimination of neonatal tetanus. World Health Stat Q 45 :248–256.
-
5
Wilkins CA, Richter MB, Hobbs WB, Whitcomb M, Bergh N, Carstens J, 1988. Occurrence of Clostridium tetani in soil and horses. S Afr Med J 73 :718–720.
-
6
Mellanby J, Green J, 1981. How does tetanus toxin act? Neuroscience 6 :281–300.
-
7
Cook TM, Protheroe RT, Handel JM, 2001. Tetanus: a review of the literature. Br J Anaesth 87 :477–487.
-
8
Farrar JJ, Yen LM, Cook T, Fairweather N, Binh N, Parry J, Parry CM, 2000. Tetanus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69 :292–301.
-
9
Fairweather NF, Lyness VA, 1986. The complete nucleotide sequence of tetanus toxin. Nucleic Acids Res 14 :7809–7812.
-
10
Fairweather NF, Lyness VA, Pickard DJ, Allen G, Thomson RO, 1986. Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and expression of tetanus toxin fragment C in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 165 :21–27.
-
11
Bruggemann H, Baumer S, Fricke WF, Wiezer A, Liesegang H, Decker I, Herzberg C, Martinez-Arias R, Merkl R, Henne A, Gottschalk G, 2003. The genome sequence of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 :1316–1321.
-
12
Campbell J, Farrar J, 2002. Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines. Volume I, Microbes. New York: Appletrees Productions.
-
13
Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, 1995. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Sixth Edition. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
-
14
Hatheway CL, 1990. Toxigenic Clostridia. J Micro Rev 3 :66–98.
-
15
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2007. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 17th informational supplement. MS100-S17. CLSI, Wayne, PA.
-
16
Nagao K, Mori T, Sawada C, Sasakawa C, Kanezaki Y, 2007. Detection of the tetanus toxin gene by polymerase chain reaction: a case study. Jpn J Infect Dis 60 :149–150.
-
17
Bruggemann H, 2005. Genomics of clostridial pathogens: implication of extrachromosomal elements in pathogenicity. Curr Opin Microbiol 8 :601–605.
-
18
Sebaihia M, Wren BW, Mullany P, Fairweather NF, Minton N, Stabler R, Thomson NR, Roberts AP, Cerdeno-Tarraga AM, Wang H, Holden MT, Wright A, Churcher C, Quail MA, Baker S, Bason N, Brooks K, Chillingworth T, Cronin A, Davis P, Dowd L, Fraser A, Feltwell T, Hance Z, Holroyd S, Jagels K, Moule S, Mungall K, Price C, Rabbinowitsch E, Sharp S, Simmonds M, Stevens K, Unwin L, Whithead S, Dupuy B, Dougan G, Barrell B, Parkhill J, 2006. The multidrug-resistant human pathogen Clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome. Nat Genet 38 :779–786.
-
19
Ganesh Kumar AV, Kothari VM, Krishnan A, Karnad DR, 2004. Benzathine penicillin, metronidazole and benzyl penicillin in the treatment of tetanus: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :59–63.
-
20
Thwaites CL, Farrar JJ, 2003. Preventing and treating tetanus. BMJ 326 :117–118.
-
21
Kabura L, Ilibagiza D, Menten J, Van den Ende J, 2006. Intrathecal vs. intramuscular administration of human antitetanus immunoglobulin or equine tetanus antitoxin in the treatment of tetanus: a meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1075–1081.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 810 | 662 | 111 |
| Full Text Views | 939 | 10 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 658 | 12 | 1 |
Microbiologic Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clostridium tetani Isolated from Wounds of Patients with Clinically Diagnosed Tetanus
James I. Campbell
James I. Campbell
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Lam Thi Minh Yen
Lam Thi Minh Yen
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Huynh Thi Loan
Huynh Thi Loan
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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To So Diep
To So Diep
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Tran Thi Thu Nga
Tran Thi Thu Nga
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Nguyen Van Minh Hoang
Nguyen Van Minh Hoang
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Le Thanh Son
Le Thanh Son
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Nguyen van Vinh Chau
Nguyen van Vinh Chau
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Christopher Parry
Christopher Parry
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Jeremy J. Farrar
Jeremy J. Farrar
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Tran Tinh Hien
Tran Tinh Hien
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Stephen Baker
Stephen Baker
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Clostridium tetani is the etiologic agent of the muscle-spasming disease tetanus. Despite an effective vaccine, tetanus is an ongoing problem in some developing countries. Diagnosis by bacterial culture is not done because it is generally unnecessary and the entry of route of the bacteria can be inapparent. We attempted to isolate and evaluate C. tetani from the wounds of 84 patients with tetanus. We effectively isolated C. tetani from 45 patients. All strains tested positive by polymerase chain reaction for the gene encoding tetanus neurotoxin. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by disc diffusion and E-test. All C. tetani isolates were susceptible to penicillin and metronidazole but resistant to co-trimoxazole. Despite treatment with high doses of penicillin, C. tetani was isolated after 16 days of intravenous penicillin in two cases. These data show that the intravenous route for penicillin may be inadequate for clearing the infection and emphasizes wound debridement in the treatment of tetanus.
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-
1
Thwaites CL, Yen LM, Nga NT, Parry J, Binh NT, Loan HT, Thuy TT, Bethell D, Parry CM, White NJ, Day NP, Farrar JJ, 2004. Impact of improved vaccination programme and intensive care facilities on incidence and outcome of tetanus in southern Vietnam, 1993–2002. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :671–677.
-
2
Dietz V, Milstien JB, van Loon F, Cochi S, Bennett J, 1996. Performance and potency of tetanus toxoid: implications for eliminating neonatal tetanus. Bull World Health Organ 74 :619–628.
-
3
Whitman C, Belgharbi L, Gasse F, Torel C, Mattei V, Zoffmann H, 1992. Progress towards the global elimination of neonatal tetanus. World Health Stat Q 45 :248–256.
-
5
Wilkins CA, Richter MB, Hobbs WB, Whitcomb M, Bergh N, Carstens J, 1988. Occurrence of Clostridium tetani in soil and horses. S Afr Med J 73 :718–720.
-
6
Mellanby J, Green J, 1981. How does tetanus toxin act? Neuroscience 6 :281–300.
-
7
Cook TM, Protheroe RT, Handel JM, 2001. Tetanus: a review of the literature. Br J Anaesth 87 :477–487.
-
8
Farrar JJ, Yen LM, Cook T, Fairweather N, Binh N, Parry J, Parry CM, 2000. Tetanus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69 :292–301.
-
9
Fairweather NF, Lyness VA, 1986. The complete nucleotide sequence of tetanus toxin. Nucleic Acids Res 14 :7809–7812.
-
10
Fairweather NF, Lyness VA, Pickard DJ, Allen G, Thomson RO, 1986. Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and expression of tetanus toxin fragment C in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 165 :21–27.
-
11
Bruggemann H, Baumer S, Fricke WF, Wiezer A, Liesegang H, Decker I, Herzberg C, Martinez-Arias R, Merkl R, Henne A, Gottschalk G, 2003. The genome sequence of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 :1316–1321.
-
12
Campbell J, Farrar J, 2002. Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines. Volume I, Microbes. New York: Appletrees Productions.
-
13
Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, 1995. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Sixth Edition. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
-
14
Hatheway CL, 1990. Toxigenic Clostridia. J Micro Rev 3 :66–98.
-
15
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2007. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 17th informational supplement. MS100-S17. CLSI, Wayne, PA.
-
16
Nagao K, Mori T, Sawada C, Sasakawa C, Kanezaki Y, 2007. Detection of the tetanus toxin gene by polymerase chain reaction: a case study. Jpn J Infect Dis 60 :149–150.
-
17
Bruggemann H, 2005. Genomics of clostridial pathogens: implication of extrachromosomal elements in pathogenicity. Curr Opin Microbiol 8 :601–605.
-
18
Sebaihia M, Wren BW, Mullany P, Fairweather NF, Minton N, Stabler R, Thomson NR, Roberts AP, Cerdeno-Tarraga AM, Wang H, Holden MT, Wright A, Churcher C, Quail MA, Baker S, Bason N, Brooks K, Chillingworth T, Cronin A, Davis P, Dowd L, Fraser A, Feltwell T, Hance Z, Holroyd S, Jagels K, Moule S, Mungall K, Price C, Rabbinowitsch E, Sharp S, Simmonds M, Stevens K, Unwin L, Whithead S, Dupuy B, Dougan G, Barrell B, Parkhill J, 2006. The multidrug-resistant human pathogen Clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome. Nat Genet 38 :779–786.
-
19
Ganesh Kumar AV, Kothari VM, Krishnan A, Karnad DR, 2004. Benzathine penicillin, metronidazole and benzyl penicillin in the treatment of tetanus: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :59–63.
-
20
Thwaites CL, Farrar JJ, 2003. Preventing and treating tetanus. BMJ 326 :117–118.
-
21
Kabura L, Ilibagiza D, Menten J, Van den Ende J, 2006. Intrathecal vs. intramuscular administration of human antitetanus immunoglobulin or equine tetanus antitoxin in the treatment of tetanus: a meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1075–1081.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 810 | 662 | 111 |
| Full Text Views | 939 | 10 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 658 | 12 | 1 |