ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Affinnih YH, 2002. Revisiting sub-Saharan African countries’ drug problems: health, social, economic costs and drug control policy. Subst Use Misuse 37 :265–290.
-
2
Beckerleg S, Telfer M, Sadiq A, 2006. A rapid assessment of heroin use in Mombasa, Kenya. Substance Abuse Misuse 41 :1029–1044.
-
3
Beckerleg S, 2004. How “cool” is heroin injection at the Kenya coast? Drugs Educ Prev Policy 1 :67–78.
-
4
Beckerleg S, Hundt GL, 2004. The characteristics and recent growth of heroin injecting in a Kenyan coastal town. Addiction Res Theory 1 :41–54.
-
5
McCurdy SA, Williams ML, Kilonzo GP, Ross MW, Leshabari MT, 2005. Heroin and HIV risk in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: youth hangouts, mageto and injecting practices. AIDS Care 17 (Suppl. 1):S65–S76.
-
6
McCurdy SA, Williams ML, Ross MW, Kilonzo GP, Leshabari MT, 2005. New injecting practice increases HIV risk among drug users in Tanzania. BMJ 331 :778.
-
7
Kilonzo GP, Kaaya SF, 1994. The family and substance abuse in the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull Narc 46 :87–96.
-
8
McCurdy SA, Ross MW, Kilonzo GP, Leshabari MT, Williams ML, 2006. HIV/AIDS and injection drug use in the neighborhoods of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Drug Alcohol Depend 82 (Suppl 1):S23–S27.
-
9
Key Findings from the 2003–04 Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey (THIS). Available at: http://www.measuredhs.com/pdfs/TanzaniaHIVFactSheet.pdf. Accessed December, 2007.
-
10
Heimer R, Grau LE, Curtin E, Khoshkood K, Singer M, 2007. Assessment of HIV testing of urban injecting drug users: implications for expansion of HIV testing and prevention efforts. Am J Public Health 97 :110–116.
-
11
Platt L, Wall M, Rhodes T, Judd A, Hickman M, Johnson LG, Renton A, Bobrova N, Sarang A, 2006. Methods to recruit hard-to-reach groups: comparing two chain referral sampling methods of recruiting injecting drug users across nine studies in Russia and Estonia. J Urban Health 83 (Suppl. 6):39–53.
-
12
Timpson S, McCurdy S, Leshabari M, Kilonzo G, Msami A, Williams M, 2006. Substance abuse, HIV risk, and HIV in Tanzania. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies 5 :158–169.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 201 | 165 | 16 |
| Full Text Views | 194 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 3 | 0 |
Drug Use Careers and Blood-borne Pathogen Risk Behavior in Male and Female Tanzanian Heroin Injectors
Michael W. Ross
Michael W. Ross
Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston Texas; Muhimbili Medical College, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Search for other papers by Michael W. Ross in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Michael W. Ross in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sheryl A. McCurdy
Sheryl A. McCurdy
Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston Texas; Muhimbili Medical College, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Search for other papers by Sheryl A. McCurdy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sheryl A. McCurdy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
G. P. Kilonzo
G. P. Kilonzo
Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston Texas; Muhimbili Medical College, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Search for other papers by G. P. Kilonzo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by G. P. Kilonzo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mark L. Williams
Mark L. Williams
Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston Texas; Muhimbili Medical College, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Search for other papers by Mark L. Williams in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mark L. Williams in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
M. T. Leshabari
M. T. Leshabari
Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston Texas; Muhimbili Medical College, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Search for other papers by M. T. Leshabari in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. T. Leshabari in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Injection drug use in sub-Saharan Africa is a relatively new phenomenon that expands the repertoire of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated risk behaviors in Africa. We carried out a study of 537 injection drug users (56% men and 44% women) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to examine their HIV risk behaviors and their drug-using careers that had culminated in injecting heroin. Data were collected in 2005–2006 using the Swahili version of the Tanzanian AIDS Prevention Project questionnaire. Marijuana, alcohol, and heroin were the first drugs reported for both men and women. Most drug milestones appeared in a similar order for men and women. Mandrax, khat, and injecting appeared close to one another in chronological time for both men and women, suggesting they were introduced into the country and appeared on the drug scene at about the same (real) time. Drug careers for women were shorter than for men, and time from first use of heroin to first injection was shorter for women. Years of injecting suggested that injecting had increased in males approximately five years prior to data collection, with males injecting earlier, but females being increasingly introduced to injecting in the previous two years. Injecting appears at a mean of five years (men) and three years (women) into their heroin-using career. Heroin use appears to occur in binges, with women being more likely to have sex during a binge. In this sample, more than 90% of women but only 2% of men reported ever trading sex for money. More than 90% of men and women reported using new needles for injection. These data confirm that heroin injecting is well established in large cities in east Africa, and that HIV prevention in the region must now include drug injectors and other drug users.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Affinnih YH, 2002. Revisiting sub-Saharan African countries’ drug problems: health, social, economic costs and drug control policy. Subst Use Misuse 37 :265–290.
-
2
Beckerleg S, Telfer M, Sadiq A, 2006. A rapid assessment of heroin use in Mombasa, Kenya. Substance Abuse Misuse 41 :1029–1044.
-
3
Beckerleg S, 2004. How “cool” is heroin injection at the Kenya coast? Drugs Educ Prev Policy 1 :67–78.
-
4
Beckerleg S, Hundt GL, 2004. The characteristics and recent growth of heroin injecting in a Kenyan coastal town. Addiction Res Theory 1 :41–54.
-
5
McCurdy SA, Williams ML, Kilonzo GP, Ross MW, Leshabari MT, 2005. Heroin and HIV risk in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: youth hangouts, mageto and injecting practices. AIDS Care 17 (Suppl. 1):S65–S76.
-
6
McCurdy SA, Williams ML, Ross MW, Kilonzo GP, Leshabari MT, 2005. New injecting practice increases HIV risk among drug users in Tanzania. BMJ 331 :778.
-
7
Kilonzo GP, Kaaya SF, 1994. The family and substance abuse in the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull Narc 46 :87–96.
-
8
McCurdy SA, Ross MW, Kilonzo GP, Leshabari MT, Williams ML, 2006. HIV/AIDS and injection drug use in the neighborhoods of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Drug Alcohol Depend 82 (Suppl 1):S23–S27.
-
9
Key Findings from the 2003–04 Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey (THIS). Available at: http://www.measuredhs.com/pdfs/TanzaniaHIVFactSheet.pdf. Accessed December, 2007.
-
10
Heimer R, Grau LE, Curtin E, Khoshkood K, Singer M, 2007. Assessment of HIV testing of urban injecting drug users: implications for expansion of HIV testing and prevention efforts. Am J Public Health 97 :110–116.
-
11
Platt L, Wall M, Rhodes T, Judd A, Hickman M, Johnson LG, Renton A, Bobrova N, Sarang A, 2006. Methods to recruit hard-to-reach groups: comparing two chain referral sampling methods of recruiting injecting drug users across nine studies in Russia and Estonia. J Urban Health 83 (Suppl. 6):39–53.
-
12
Timpson S, McCurdy S, Leshabari M, Kilonzo G, Msami A, Williams M, 2006. Substance abuse, HIV risk, and HIV in Tanzania. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies 5 :158–169.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 201 | 165 | 16 |
| Full Text Views | 194 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 3 | 0 |