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-
1
Borkow G, Bentwich Z, 2004. Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 :1012–1030.
-
2
Bentwich Z, Maartens G, Torten D, Lal AA, Lal RB, 2000. Concurrent infections and HIV pathogenesis. AIDS 14 :2071–2081.
-
3
Bentwich Z, Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z, 1995. Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS. Immunol Today 16 :187–191.
-
4
Actor JK, Shirai M, Kullberg MC, Buller RML, Sher A, Berzofsky JA, 1993. Helminth infection results in decreased virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell and Th1 cytokine responses as well as delayed virus clearance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 :948–952.
-
5
Maggi E, Mazzetti M, Ravina A, Annunziato F, De Carli M, Piccinni MP, Manetti R, Carbonari M, Pesce AM, Del Prete G, Romagnani S, 1994. Ability of HIV to promote a Th1 to Th0 shift and to replicate preferentially in Th2 and Th0 Cells. Science 265 :244–248.
-
6
Fincham JE, Markus MB, Mansvelt EPG, 1999. Could non-selective anthelmintic treatment programmes contribute to control of the spread of HIV infection and AIDS? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :536.
-
7
Wolday D, Mayaan S, Mariam ZG, Berhe N, Seboxa T, Britton S, Galai N, Landay A, Bentwich Z, 2002. Treatment of intestinal worms is associated with decreased HIV plasma viral load. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31 :56–62.
-
8
Brown M, Kizza M, Watera C, Quigley MA, Rowland S, Hughes P, Whitworth JAG, Elliot AM, 2004. Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda. J Infect Dis 190 :1869–1879.
-
9
Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG, 2006. Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa [published correction appears in Science 315: 598]. Science 314 :1603–1606.
-
10
Nielsen NO, Simonsen PE, Magnussen P, Magesa S, Friis H, 2006. Cross-sectional relationship between HIV, lymphatic filariasis and other parasite infections in adults in coastal northeastern Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :543–550.
-
11
Nielsen NO, Friis H, Magnussen P, Krarup H, Magesa S, Simonsen PE, 2007. Co-infection with sub-clinical HIV and Wuchereria bancrofti, and the role of malaria and hookworms, in adult Tanzanians: infection intensities, CD4/CD8 counts and cytokine responses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :602–612.
-
12
Vaughan JP, Morrow RH, 1989. Manual of Epidemiology for District Health Management. Geneva: World Health Organization, 178 pp.
-
13
Krarup HB, Drewes AM, Madsen H, 1998. A quantitative HCV-PCR test for routine diagnostics. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 58 :415–422.
-
14
Erber WN, Pinching AJ, Mason DY, 1984. Immunocytochemical detection of T and B cell populations in routine blood smears. Lancet 1 :1042–1046.
-
15
Lisse IM, Whittle H, Aaby P, Normark M, Gyhrs A, Rayder LP, 1990. Labelling of T-cell subsets under field conditions in tropical countries: adaptation of the immuno-alkaline phosphatase staining method for blood smears. J Immunol Methods 129 :49–53.
-
16
Lisse IM, Böttiger B, Christensen LB, Knudsen K, Aaby P, Gottschau A, Urassa W, Mhalu F, Biberfeld G, Brattegaard K, Diallo K, N’Gom PT, Whittle H, 1997. Evaluation of T cell subsets by an immunocytochemical method compared to flow cytometry in four countries. Scand J Immunol 45 :637–644.
-
17
WHO, 1993. Laboratory Manual for a Simple Method for Characterization of T-Cell Subsets in Peripheral Blood: An Immuno-Alkaline Phosphatase Method. Review 1: Global Programme on AIDS. DIA/MISC/92.2. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
18
Altman DG, 1999. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. London: Chapman & Hall, 467–471.
-
19
King CL, Mahanty S, Kuramaswami V, Abrahams JS, Regunathan J, Jayaraman K, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1993. Cytokine control of parasite anergy in human lymphatic filariasis. J Clin Invest 92 :1667–1673.
-
20
Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E, Kruize YCM, Kurniawan A, van der Pouw-Kraan T, van der Meide PH, Selkirk ME, Hintzen RQ, Partono F, van Lier RAW, Maizels RM, 1993. Elevated levels of T cell activation antigen CD27 and increased interleukin-4 production in human lymphatic filariasis. Eur J Immunol 23 :3312–3317.
-
21
Sartono E, Kruize YCM, Kurniawan A, Maizels RM, Yazdan-bakhsh M, 1996. In Th2 biased lymphatic filariasis patients, responses to purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain Th1. Eur J Immunol 26 :501–504.
-
22
Borkow G, Bentwich Z, 2000. Eradication of helminth infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1368–1369.
-
23
Yazdanbakhsh M, van den Biggelaar A, Maizels RM, 2001. Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease. Trends Immunol 22 :372–377.
-
24
Clerici M, Shearer GM, 1993. A Th1 → Th2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today 14 :107–110.
-
25
Kitchen LW, Mather FJ, Cotter SM, 1988. Effect of continuous oral diethylcarbamazine treatment on lymphocyte counts of feline leukaemia virus–infected cats. J Clin Lab Immunol 27 :179–181.
-
26
Kitchen LW, Cotter SM, 1988. Effect of diethylcarbamazine in serum antibody to feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen in feline leukaemia virus cats. J Clin Lab Immunol 25 :101–103.
-
27
Arathoon EG, Mejia CR, Estrada y Martin RM, Hernandez JE, Turner GJ, Kitchen LW, 1994. Serum HIV 1 p24 levels and body weight measurements before and after 4 weeks of diethylcarbamazine treatment given to HIV 1 seropositive persons. Int J Antimicrob Agents 3 :275–278.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 454 | 426 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 287 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 71 | 3 | 1 |
Effect of Diethylcarbamazine on HIV Load, CD4%, and CD4/CD8 Ratio in HIV-Infected Adult Tanzanians with or without Lymphatic Filariasis: Randomized Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Trial
Nina O. Nielsen
Nina O. Nielsen
DBL—Centre for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Research Station, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Paul E. Simonsen
Paul E. Simonsen
DBL—Centre for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Research Station, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Peter Dalgaard
Peter Dalgaard
DBL—Centre for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Research Station, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Henrik Krarup
Henrik Krarup
DBL—Centre for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Research Station, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pascal Magnussen
Pascal Magnussen
DBL—Centre for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Research Station, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Stephen Magesa
Stephen Magesa
DBL—Centre for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Research Station, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Henrik Friis
Henrik Friis
DBL—Centre for Health Research and Development, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Ubwari Research Station, Tanzania; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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We assessed the effect of anti-filarial treatment (diethylcarbamazine, DEC) on HIV load, CD4%, and CD4/CD8 ratio in HIV-positive individuals with and without infection with the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The study was conducted in Tanga Region, Tanzania, in 2002 and involved 27 adults. A significant decrease in HIV load (54%) and an insignificant increase in CD4% were observed in the HIV-positive individuals with filarial co-infection at 12 weeks after treatment. HIV load and CD4% both increased, although not statistically significantly, in the HIV-positive individuals without filarial infection. The findings suggest that DEC affected HIV load through its effect on the filarial infection rather than through a direct (pharmacodynamic) effect on HIV. Global efforts to control lymphatic filariasis by annual mass treatment with DEC may have a beneficial effect on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in areas where HIV and lymphatic filariasis co-exist.
Author Notes
ProCite
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-
1
Borkow G, Bentwich Z, 2004. Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 :1012–1030.
-
2
Bentwich Z, Maartens G, Torten D, Lal AA, Lal RB, 2000. Concurrent infections and HIV pathogenesis. AIDS 14 :2071–2081.
-
3
Bentwich Z, Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z, 1995. Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS. Immunol Today 16 :187–191.
-
4
Actor JK, Shirai M, Kullberg MC, Buller RML, Sher A, Berzofsky JA, 1993. Helminth infection results in decreased virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell and Th1 cytokine responses as well as delayed virus clearance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 :948–952.
-
5
Maggi E, Mazzetti M, Ravina A, Annunziato F, De Carli M, Piccinni MP, Manetti R, Carbonari M, Pesce AM, Del Prete G, Romagnani S, 1994. Ability of HIV to promote a Th1 to Th0 shift and to replicate preferentially in Th2 and Th0 Cells. Science 265 :244–248.
-
6
Fincham JE, Markus MB, Mansvelt EPG, 1999. Could non-selective anthelmintic treatment programmes contribute to control of the spread of HIV infection and AIDS? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :536.
-
7
Wolday D, Mayaan S, Mariam ZG, Berhe N, Seboxa T, Britton S, Galai N, Landay A, Bentwich Z, 2002. Treatment of intestinal worms is associated with decreased HIV plasma viral load. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31 :56–62.
-
8
Brown M, Kizza M, Watera C, Quigley MA, Rowland S, Hughes P, Whitworth JAG, Elliot AM, 2004. Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda. J Infect Dis 190 :1869–1879.
-
9
Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG, 2006. Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa [published correction appears in Science 315: 598]. Science 314 :1603–1606.
-
10
Nielsen NO, Simonsen PE, Magnussen P, Magesa S, Friis H, 2006. Cross-sectional relationship between HIV, lymphatic filariasis and other parasite infections in adults in coastal northeastern Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :543–550.
-
11
Nielsen NO, Friis H, Magnussen P, Krarup H, Magesa S, Simonsen PE, 2007. Co-infection with sub-clinical HIV and Wuchereria bancrofti, and the role of malaria and hookworms, in adult Tanzanians: infection intensities, CD4/CD8 counts and cytokine responses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :602–612.
-
12
Vaughan JP, Morrow RH, 1989. Manual of Epidemiology for District Health Management. Geneva: World Health Organization, 178 pp.
-
13
Krarup HB, Drewes AM, Madsen H, 1998. A quantitative HCV-PCR test for routine diagnostics. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 58 :415–422.
-
14
Erber WN, Pinching AJ, Mason DY, 1984. Immunocytochemical detection of T and B cell populations in routine blood smears. Lancet 1 :1042–1046.
-
15
Lisse IM, Whittle H, Aaby P, Normark M, Gyhrs A, Rayder LP, 1990. Labelling of T-cell subsets under field conditions in tropical countries: adaptation of the immuno-alkaline phosphatase staining method for blood smears. J Immunol Methods 129 :49–53.
-
16
Lisse IM, Böttiger B, Christensen LB, Knudsen K, Aaby P, Gottschau A, Urassa W, Mhalu F, Biberfeld G, Brattegaard K, Diallo K, N’Gom PT, Whittle H, 1997. Evaluation of T cell subsets by an immunocytochemical method compared to flow cytometry in four countries. Scand J Immunol 45 :637–644.
-
17
WHO, 1993. Laboratory Manual for a Simple Method for Characterization of T-Cell Subsets in Peripheral Blood: An Immuno-Alkaline Phosphatase Method. Review 1: Global Programme on AIDS. DIA/MISC/92.2. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
18
Altman DG, 1999. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. London: Chapman & Hall, 467–471.
-
19
King CL, Mahanty S, Kuramaswami V, Abrahams JS, Regunathan J, Jayaraman K, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1993. Cytokine control of parasite anergy in human lymphatic filariasis. J Clin Invest 92 :1667–1673.
-
20
Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E, Kruize YCM, Kurniawan A, van der Pouw-Kraan T, van der Meide PH, Selkirk ME, Hintzen RQ, Partono F, van Lier RAW, Maizels RM, 1993. Elevated levels of T cell activation antigen CD27 and increased interleukin-4 production in human lymphatic filariasis. Eur J Immunol 23 :3312–3317.
-
21
Sartono E, Kruize YCM, Kurniawan A, Maizels RM, Yazdan-bakhsh M, 1996. In Th2 biased lymphatic filariasis patients, responses to purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain Th1. Eur J Immunol 26 :501–504.
-
22
Borkow G, Bentwich Z, 2000. Eradication of helminth infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1368–1369.
-
23
Yazdanbakhsh M, van den Biggelaar A, Maizels RM, 2001. Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease. Trends Immunol 22 :372–377.
-
24
Clerici M, Shearer GM, 1993. A Th1 → Th2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today 14 :107–110.
-
25
Kitchen LW, Mather FJ, Cotter SM, 1988. Effect of continuous oral diethylcarbamazine treatment on lymphocyte counts of feline leukaemia virus–infected cats. J Clin Lab Immunol 27 :179–181.
-
26
Kitchen LW, Cotter SM, 1988. Effect of diethylcarbamazine in serum antibody to feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen in feline leukaemia virus cats. J Clin Lab Immunol 25 :101–103.
-
27
Arathoon EG, Mejia CR, Estrada y Martin RM, Hernandez JE, Turner GJ, Kitchen LW, 1994. Serum HIV 1 p24 levels and body weight measurements before and after 4 weeks of diethylcarbamazine treatment given to HIV 1 seropositive persons. Int J Antimicrob Agents 3 :275–278.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 454 | 426 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 287 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 71 | 3 | 1 |