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Reference Manager
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-
1
Ottesen EA, 2006. Lymphatic filariasis: treatment, control and elimination. Adv Parasitol 61 :395–441.
-
2
Bockarie MJ, Fischer P, Williams SA, Zimmerman PA, Griffin L, Alpers MP, Kazura JW, 2000. Application of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA to detect Wuchereria bancrofti in pools of wild-caught Anopheles punctulatus in a filariasis control area in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :363–367.
-
3
Fischer P, Wibowo H, Pischke S, Ruckert P, Liebau E, Ismid IS, Supali T, 2002. PCR-based detection and identification of the filarial parasite Brugia timori from Alor Island, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :809–821.
-
4
Rao RU, Atkinson LJ, Ramzy RM, Helmy H, Farid HA, Bockarie MJ, Susapu M, Laney SJ, Williams SA, Weil GJ, 2006. A real-time PCR-based assay for detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in blood and mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :826–832.
-
5
Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ, 2006. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet 367 :992–999.
-
6
Albuquerque CM, Cavalcanti VM, Melo MA, Vercosa P, Regis LN, Hurd H, 1999. Bloodmeal microfilariae density and the uptake and establishment of Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 :591–596.
-
7
Farid HA, Hammad RE, Hassan MM, Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Weil GJ, 2005. Effects of combined diethylcarbamazine and albendazole treatment of bancroftian filariasis on parasite uptake and development in Culex pipiens L. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :108–114.
-
8
Farid HA, Hammad RE, Soliman DA, El Setouhy MA, Ramzy RM, Weil GJ, 2003. Relationships between Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria counts in human blood and parasite uptake and maturation in Culex pipiens, with observations on the effects of diethylcarbamazine treatment on these parameters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :286–293.
-
9
Gad AM, Hammad RE, Farid HA, 1996. Uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens L. and Aedes caspius Pallas. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 26 :305–314.
-
10
Christensen BM, Sutherland DR, 1984. Brugia pahangi: exsheathment and midgut penetration in Aedes aegypti. Trans Am Microsc Soc 103 :423–433.
-
11
Bartholomay LC, Farid HA, Ramzy RM, Christensen BM, 2003. Culex pipiens pipiens: characterization of immune peptides and the influence of immune activation on development of Wuchereria bancrofti. Mol Biochem Parasitol 130 :43–50.
-
12
Rutledge LC, Ward RA, Gould DJ, 1964. Studies on the feeding response of mosquitoes to nutritive solutions in a new membrane feeder. Mosq News 24 :407–419.
-
13
Hayes RO, 1953. Determination of a physiological solution for Aedes aegypti (L.). J Econ Entomol 46 :624–627.
-
14
Rao RU, Weil GJ, Fischer K, Supali T, Fischer P, 2006. Detection of Brugia parasite DNA in human blood samples by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 44 :3887–3893.
-
15
Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2006. Important experimental parameters for determining infection rates in arthropod vectors using pool screening approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :779–785.
-
16
World Health Organization, 1992. Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control. Fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 821 :1–71.
-
17
Christensen BM, Sutherland DR, Gleason LN, 1984. Defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: comparative studies on the response of three different mosquitoes to inoculated Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae. J Invertebr Pathol 44 :267–274.
-
18
Mukabana WR, Takken W, Knols BG, 2002. Analysis of arthropod bloodmeals using molecular genetic markers. Trends Parasitol 18 :505–509.
-
19
Goodman DS, Orelus JN, Roberts JM, Lammie PJ, Streit TG, 2003. PCR and mosquito dissection as tools to monitor filarial infection levels following mass treatment. Filaria J 2 :11.
-
20
Plichart C, Sechan Y, Davies N, Legrand AM, 2006. PCR and dissection as tools to monitor filarial infection of Aedes polynesiensis mosquitoes in French Polynesia. Filaria J 5 :2.
-
21
Williams SA, Laney SJ, Bierwert LA, Saunders LJ, Boakye DA, Fischer P, Goodman D, Helmy H, Hoti SL, Vasuki V, Lammie PJ, Plichart C, Ramzy RM, Ottesen EA, 2002. Development and standardization of a rapid, PCR-based method for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes, for xenomonitoring the human prevalence of bancroftian filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 2):S41–S46.
-
22
Rodriguez-Perez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2006. Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :1026–1033.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 313 | 277 | 37 |
| Full Text Views | 360 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 89 | 3 | 1 |
PERSISTENCE OF BRUGIA MALAYI DNA IN VECTOR AND NON-VECTOR MOSQUITOES: IMPLICATIONS FOR XENOMONITORING AND TRANSMISSION MONITORING OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
PETER FISCHER
PETER FISCHER
Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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SARA M. ERICKSON
SARA M. ERICKSON
Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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KERSTIN FISCHER
KERSTIN FISCHER
Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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JEREMY F. FUCHS
JEREMY F. FUCHS
Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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RAMAKRISHNA U. RAO
RAMAKRISHNA U. RAO
Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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BRUCE M. CHRISTENSEN
BRUCE M. CHRISTENSEN
Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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GARY J. WEIL
GARY J. WEIL
Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Xenomonitoring (detection of filarial larvae or their DNA in mosquitoes) is a sensitive marker for assessing the endemicity of filariasis and a useful tool for evaluating elimination programs. To examine the fate of microfilariae (mf) and filarial DNA in vector competent and non-competent mosquito strains, we compared the detection of Brugia malayi parasites by dissection and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in three different mosquito strains. We conclude that PCR is much more sensitive than dissection for detecting filarial larvae, especially their remnants in mosquitoes. However, parasite DNA can be detected in both vector and non-vector mosquitoes for two weeks or longer after they ingest mf-positive blood. Thus, although xenomonitoring with vector and non-vector mosquito species may be a sensitive method for indirectly detecting filarial parasites in human populations, positive test results for parasite DNA in mosquitoes do not necessarily prove that transmission is ongoing in the study area.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
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-
1
Ottesen EA, 2006. Lymphatic filariasis: treatment, control and elimination. Adv Parasitol 61 :395–441.
-
2
Bockarie MJ, Fischer P, Williams SA, Zimmerman PA, Griffin L, Alpers MP, Kazura JW, 2000. Application of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA to detect Wuchereria bancrofti in pools of wild-caught Anopheles punctulatus in a filariasis control area in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :363–367.
-
3
Fischer P, Wibowo H, Pischke S, Ruckert P, Liebau E, Ismid IS, Supali T, 2002. PCR-based detection and identification of the filarial parasite Brugia timori from Alor Island, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :809–821.
-
4
Rao RU, Atkinson LJ, Ramzy RM, Helmy H, Farid HA, Bockarie MJ, Susapu M, Laney SJ, Williams SA, Weil GJ, 2006. A real-time PCR-based assay for detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in blood and mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :826–832.
-
5
Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ, 2006. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet 367 :992–999.
-
6
Albuquerque CM, Cavalcanti VM, Melo MA, Vercosa P, Regis LN, Hurd H, 1999. Bloodmeal microfilariae density and the uptake and establishment of Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 :591–596.
-
7
Farid HA, Hammad RE, Hassan MM, Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Weil GJ, 2005. Effects of combined diethylcarbamazine and albendazole treatment of bancroftian filariasis on parasite uptake and development in Culex pipiens L. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :108–114.
-
8
Farid HA, Hammad RE, Soliman DA, El Setouhy MA, Ramzy RM, Weil GJ, 2003. Relationships between Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria counts in human blood and parasite uptake and maturation in Culex pipiens, with observations on the effects of diethylcarbamazine treatment on these parameters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :286–293.
-
9
Gad AM, Hammad RE, Farid HA, 1996. Uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens L. and Aedes caspius Pallas. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 26 :305–314.
-
10
Christensen BM, Sutherland DR, 1984. Brugia pahangi: exsheathment and midgut penetration in Aedes aegypti. Trans Am Microsc Soc 103 :423–433.
-
11
Bartholomay LC, Farid HA, Ramzy RM, Christensen BM, 2003. Culex pipiens pipiens: characterization of immune peptides and the influence of immune activation on development of Wuchereria bancrofti. Mol Biochem Parasitol 130 :43–50.
-
12
Rutledge LC, Ward RA, Gould DJ, 1964. Studies on the feeding response of mosquitoes to nutritive solutions in a new membrane feeder. Mosq News 24 :407–419.
-
13
Hayes RO, 1953. Determination of a physiological solution for Aedes aegypti (L.). J Econ Entomol 46 :624–627.
-
14
Rao RU, Weil GJ, Fischer K, Supali T, Fischer P, 2006. Detection of Brugia parasite DNA in human blood samples by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 44 :3887–3893.
-
15
Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2006. Important experimental parameters for determining infection rates in arthropod vectors using pool screening approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :779–785.
-
16
World Health Organization, 1992. Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control. Fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 821 :1–71.
-
17
Christensen BM, Sutherland DR, Gleason LN, 1984. Defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: comparative studies on the response of three different mosquitoes to inoculated Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae. J Invertebr Pathol 44 :267–274.
-
18
Mukabana WR, Takken W, Knols BG, 2002. Analysis of arthropod bloodmeals using molecular genetic markers. Trends Parasitol 18 :505–509.
-
19
Goodman DS, Orelus JN, Roberts JM, Lammie PJ, Streit TG, 2003. PCR and mosquito dissection as tools to monitor filarial infection levels following mass treatment. Filaria J 2 :11.
-
20
Plichart C, Sechan Y, Davies N, Legrand AM, 2006. PCR and dissection as tools to monitor filarial infection of Aedes polynesiensis mosquitoes in French Polynesia. Filaria J 5 :2.
-
21
Williams SA, Laney SJ, Bierwert LA, Saunders LJ, Boakye DA, Fischer P, Goodman D, Helmy H, Hoti SL, Vasuki V, Lammie PJ, Plichart C, Ramzy RM, Ottesen EA, 2002. Development and standardization of a rapid, PCR-based method for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes, for xenomonitoring the human prevalence of bancroftian filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 2):S41–S46.
-
22
Rodriguez-Perez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2006. Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :1026–1033.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 313 | 277 | 37 |
| Full Text Views | 360 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 89 | 3 | 1 |