- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Study sites.
- Tick sampling and environmental assessments.
- Construction of the RS habitat classification model.
- Construction of a regression model of risk of human exposure to I. pacificus nymphs based on field-derived variables.
- Construction of a GIS model of risk of human exposure to I. pacificus nymphs.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Eisen L, Lane RS, 2002. Vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Gray J, Kahl O, Lane RS, Stanek G, eds. Lyme Borreliosis Biology, Epidemiology and Control. New York: CABI Publishing, 91–115.
-
2
Nicholson MC, Mather TN, 1996. Methods for evaluating Lyme disease risks using geographical information systems and geospatial analysis. J Med Entomol 33 :711–720.
-
3
Kitron U, Kazmierczak JJ, 1997. Spatial analysis of the distribution of Lyme disease in Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 145 :558–566.
-
4
Stafford KC III, Cartter ML, Magnarelli LA, Ertel S-H, Mshar PA, 1998. Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and increasing incidence of Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 36 :1240–1244.
-
5
Falco RC, McKenna DF, Daniels TJ, Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, Wormser GP, 1999. Temporal relation between Ixodes scapularis abundance and risk for Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. Am J Epidemiol 149 :771–776.
-
6
Beck LR, Rodriguez MH, Dister SW, Rodriguez AD, Rejmankova E, Ulloa A, Meza RA, Roberts DR, Paris JF, Spanner MA, Washino RK, Hacker C, Legters LJ, 1994. Remote sensing as a landscape epidemiologic tool to identify villages at high risk for malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :271–280.
-
7
Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2002. Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria. Nature 415 :710–715.
-
8
Diuk-Wasser MA, Bagayoko M, Sogoba N, Dolo G, Touré MB, Traoré SF, Taylor CE, 2004. Mapping rice field anopheline breeding habitats in Mali, West Africa, using Landsat ETM+ sensor data. Int J Remote Sensing 25 :359–376.
-
9
Kitron U, Otieno LH, Hungerford LL, Odulaja A, Brigham WU, Okello OO, Joselyn M, Mohamed-Ahmed MM, Cook E, 1996. Spatial analysis of the distribution of tsetse flies in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya, using Landsat TM satellite imagery and GIS. J Anim Ecol 65 :371–380.
-
10
Hendrickx G, Napala A, Slingenbergh JHW, De Deken R, Vercruysse J, Rogers DJ, 2000. The spatial pattern of trypanosomosis prevalence predicted with the aid of satellite imagery. Parasitology 120 :121–134.
-
11
Dister SW, Fish D, Bros SM, Frank DH, Wood BL, 1997. Landscape characterization of peridomestic risk for Lyme disease using satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :687–692.
-
12
Guerra M, Walker E, Jones C, Paskewitz S, Cortinas MR, Stancil A, Beck L, Bobo M, Kitron U, 2002. Predicting the risk of Lyme disease: habitat suitability for Ixodes scapularis in the north central United States. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :289–297.
-
13
Daniel M, Kolar J, Zeman P, Pavelka K, Sadlo J, 1998. Predictive map of Ixodes ricinus high-incidence habitats and a tick-borne encephalitis risk assessment using satellite data. Exp Appl Acarol 22 :417–433.
-
14
Estrada-Peña A, 1998. Geostatistics and remote sensing as predictive tools of tick distributions: a cokriging system to estimate Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) habitat suitability in the United States and Canada from advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite imagery. J Med Entomol 35 :989–995.
-
15
Beck LR, Lobitz BM, Wood BL, 2000. Remote sensing and human health: new sensors and new opportunities. Emerg Infect Dis 6 :217–227.
-
16
Kitron UD, 1998. Landscape ecology and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases: tools for spatial analysis. J Med Entomol 35 :435–445.
-
17
Randolph SE, 2000. Ticks and tick-borne disease systems in space and from space. Hay SI, Randolph SE, Rogers DJ, eds. Advances in Parasitology. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology. New York: Academic Press, 217–243.
-
18
Dennis DT, Nekomoto TS, Victor JC, Paul WS, Piesman J, 1998. Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J Med Entomol 35 :629–638.
-
19
Furman DP, Loomis EC, 1984. The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bull Calif Insect Surv 25 :1–239.
-
20
Fritz CL, Vugia DJ, 2001. Clinical issues in Lyme borreliosis: a California perspective. Infect Dis Rev 3 :111–122.
-
21
Clover JR, Lane RS, 1995. Evidence implicating nymphal Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the epidemiology of Lyme disease in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :237–240.
-
22
Tälleklint-Eisen L, Lane RS, 2000. Spatial and temporal variation in the density of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs. Environ Entomol 29 :272–280.
-
23
Eisen RJ, Mun J, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2004a. Life stage-related differences in density of questing ticks and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato within a single cohort of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 41 :768–773.
-
24
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Chang CC, Mun J, Lane RS, 2004b. Acarological risk of exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi spirochaetes: long-term evaluations in north-western California, with implications for Lyme borreliosis risk assessment models. Med Vet Entomol 18 :38–49.
-
25
Lane RS, Steinlein DB, Mun J, 2004. Human behaviors elevating exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest. J Med Entomol 41 :239–248.
-
26
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Lane RS, 2002. Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions. Med Vet Entomol 16 :235–244.
-
27
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Castro MC, Lane RS, 2003. Environmentally related variability in risk of exposure to Lyme disease spirochetes in northern California: effect of climatic conditions and habitat type. Environ Entomol 32 :1010–1018.
-
28
The California Spatial Information Library, 1994. CA precipitation layer. California precipitation layer. Available from http://www.gis.ca.gov/meta.epl?oid=286.
-
29
Mayer KE, Laudenslayer WF Jr, 1988. A Guide to Wildlife Habitats of California. Sacramento. CA: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
-
30
Crist EP, Laurin R, Cicone RC, 1986. Vegetation and soils information contained in transformed Thematic Mapper data. Proceedings of the IGARSS ’86 Symposium, Zurich, Switzerland. Paris: ESA, 1465–1470.
-
31
Jensen JR, 2000. Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective. Second edition. New York: Prentice Hall.
-
32
Phua M-H, Saito H, 2003. Estimation of biomass of a mountainous tropical forest using Landsat TM data. Can J Remote Sensing 29 :429–440.
-
33
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2005. Remote sensing (normalized difference vegetation index) classification of risk versus minimal risk habitats for human exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in Mendocino County, California. J Med Entomol 42 :75–81.
-
34
Stafford KC III, Magnarelli LA, 1993. Spatial and temporal patterns of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol 30 :762–771.
-
35
Schmidtmann ET, Carroll JF, Potts WJE, 1994. Host-seeking of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and adults at the woods-pasture interface. J Med Entomol 31 :291–296.
-
36
Daniels TJ, Boccia TM, Varde S, Marcus J, Le J, Bucher DJ, Falco RC, Schwartz I, 1998. Geographical risk for Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern New York state. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 :4663–4669.
-
37
Casher LE, Lane RS, Barrett RH, Eisen L, 2002. Relative importance of lizards and mammals as hosts for ixodid ticks in northern California. Exp Appl Acarol 26 :127–143.
-
38
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2004c. Habitat-related variation in infestation of lizards and rodents with Ixodes ticks in dense woodlands in Mendocino County, California. Exp Appl Acarol 33 :215–233.
-
39
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Lane RS, 2004d. The roles of birds, lizards and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus. J Vector Ecol 29 :295–308.
-
40
Kitron U, Bouseman JK, Jones CJ, 1991. Use of the ARC/INFO GIS to study the distribution of Lyme disease ticks in an Illinois county. Prev Vet Med 11 :243–248.
-
41
Glass GE, Amersinghe FP, Morgan JM III, Scott TW, 1994. Predicting Ixodes scapularis abundance on white-tailed deer using geographic information systems. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :538–544.
-
42
Bunnell JE, Price SD, Das A, Shields TM, Glass GE, 2003. Geographic information systems and spatial analysis of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the middle Atlantic region of the U.S.A. J Med Entomol 40 :570–576.
-
43
Peavey CA, Lane RS, 1996. Field and laboratory studies of the timing of oviposition and hatching of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 20 :695–711.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 272 | 232 | 31 |
| Full Text Views | 208 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 88 | 13 | 1 |
PREDICTING DENSITY OF IXODES PACIFICUS NYMPHS IN DENSE WOODLANDS IN MENDOCINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND REMOTE SENSING VERSUS FIELD-DERIVED DATA
REBECCA J. EISEN
REBECCA J. EISEN
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Insect Biology, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
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LARS EISEN
LARS EISEN
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Insect Biology, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
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ROBERT S. LANE
ROBERT S. LANE
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Insect Biology, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
Search for other papers by ROBERT S. LANE in
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Ixodes pacificus nymphs are the primary vectors to humans of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, in California. We used a supervised classification model, based on remote sensing (RS) data from multi-seasonal Landsat TM 5 images, to identify the key habitat in Mendocino County where humans are exposed to I. pacificus nymphs (woodlands carpeted with leaf litter). The model, based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), brightness, and wetness, separated the nymphal risk habitat (52.6% of the county) from other habitat types with > 93% user and producer accuracies. Next, we determined the density of questing nymphs in 62 woodland-leaf areas located throughout Mendocino County and created forward-stepwise regression models explaining the variation in nymphal density based on traits attainable by a lay-person in the field (e.g., tree species present, deer signs; r2 = 0.43, P < 0.0001), or geographic information systems (GIS)/RS-based environmental data (r2 = 0.50, P < 0.0001). The GIS/RS model, using July NDVI, November greenness, a coastal influence category, May solar insolation, November hours of sunlight, and dominant hydrologic grouping as input variables, was 22% more accurate in predicting nymphal density at 16 validation sites (r2 = 0.72) than the field-derived data model (r2 = 0.50). The habitat classification and GIS/RS models were combined to create a continuous nymphal density surface for the entirety of Mendocino County. This risk surface showed that 11.9% of the county was classified as habitat posing at least moderate risk of human exposure to nymphs (> 6.4 nymphs per 100 m2). Furthermore, high-risk areas (> 10.5 nymphs per 100 m2; 1.7% of the county) tended to cluster in the central interior and most heavily populated region of Mendocino County, but were rare in the proximity of coastal population centers.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Study sites.
- Tick sampling and environmental assessments.
- Construction of the RS habitat classification model.
- Construction of a regression model of risk of human exposure to I. pacificus nymphs based on field-derived variables.
- Construction of a GIS model of risk of human exposure to I. pacificus nymphs.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Eisen L, Lane RS, 2002. Vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Gray J, Kahl O, Lane RS, Stanek G, eds. Lyme Borreliosis Biology, Epidemiology and Control. New York: CABI Publishing, 91–115.
-
2
Nicholson MC, Mather TN, 1996. Methods for evaluating Lyme disease risks using geographical information systems and geospatial analysis. J Med Entomol 33 :711–720.
-
3
Kitron U, Kazmierczak JJ, 1997. Spatial analysis of the distribution of Lyme disease in Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 145 :558–566.
-
4
Stafford KC III, Cartter ML, Magnarelli LA, Ertel S-H, Mshar PA, 1998. Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and increasing incidence of Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 36 :1240–1244.
-
5
Falco RC, McKenna DF, Daniels TJ, Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, Wormser GP, 1999. Temporal relation between Ixodes scapularis abundance and risk for Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. Am J Epidemiol 149 :771–776.
-
6
Beck LR, Rodriguez MH, Dister SW, Rodriguez AD, Rejmankova E, Ulloa A, Meza RA, Roberts DR, Paris JF, Spanner MA, Washino RK, Hacker C, Legters LJ, 1994. Remote sensing as a landscape epidemiologic tool to identify villages at high risk for malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :271–280.
-
7
Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2002. Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria. Nature 415 :710–715.
-
8
Diuk-Wasser MA, Bagayoko M, Sogoba N, Dolo G, Touré MB, Traoré SF, Taylor CE, 2004. Mapping rice field anopheline breeding habitats in Mali, West Africa, using Landsat ETM+ sensor data. Int J Remote Sensing 25 :359–376.
-
9
Kitron U, Otieno LH, Hungerford LL, Odulaja A, Brigham WU, Okello OO, Joselyn M, Mohamed-Ahmed MM, Cook E, 1996. Spatial analysis of the distribution of tsetse flies in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya, using Landsat TM satellite imagery and GIS. J Anim Ecol 65 :371–380.
-
10
Hendrickx G, Napala A, Slingenbergh JHW, De Deken R, Vercruysse J, Rogers DJ, 2000. The spatial pattern of trypanosomosis prevalence predicted with the aid of satellite imagery. Parasitology 120 :121–134.
-
11
Dister SW, Fish D, Bros SM, Frank DH, Wood BL, 1997. Landscape characterization of peridomestic risk for Lyme disease using satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :687–692.
-
12
Guerra M, Walker E, Jones C, Paskewitz S, Cortinas MR, Stancil A, Beck L, Bobo M, Kitron U, 2002. Predicting the risk of Lyme disease: habitat suitability for Ixodes scapularis in the north central United States. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :289–297.
-
13
Daniel M, Kolar J, Zeman P, Pavelka K, Sadlo J, 1998. Predictive map of Ixodes ricinus high-incidence habitats and a tick-borne encephalitis risk assessment using satellite data. Exp Appl Acarol 22 :417–433.
-
14
Estrada-Peña A, 1998. Geostatistics and remote sensing as predictive tools of tick distributions: a cokriging system to estimate Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) habitat suitability in the United States and Canada from advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite imagery. J Med Entomol 35 :989–995.
-
15
Beck LR, Lobitz BM, Wood BL, 2000. Remote sensing and human health: new sensors and new opportunities. Emerg Infect Dis 6 :217–227.
-
16
Kitron UD, 1998. Landscape ecology and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases: tools for spatial analysis. J Med Entomol 35 :435–445.
-
17
Randolph SE, 2000. Ticks and tick-borne disease systems in space and from space. Hay SI, Randolph SE, Rogers DJ, eds. Advances in Parasitology. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology. New York: Academic Press, 217–243.
-
18
Dennis DT, Nekomoto TS, Victor JC, Paul WS, Piesman J, 1998. Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J Med Entomol 35 :629–638.
-
19
Furman DP, Loomis EC, 1984. The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bull Calif Insect Surv 25 :1–239.
-
20
Fritz CL, Vugia DJ, 2001. Clinical issues in Lyme borreliosis: a California perspective. Infect Dis Rev 3 :111–122.
-
21
Clover JR, Lane RS, 1995. Evidence implicating nymphal Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the epidemiology of Lyme disease in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :237–240.
-
22
Tälleklint-Eisen L, Lane RS, 2000. Spatial and temporal variation in the density of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs. Environ Entomol 29 :272–280.
-
23
Eisen RJ, Mun J, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2004a. Life stage-related differences in density of questing ticks and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato within a single cohort of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 41 :768–773.
-
24
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Chang CC, Mun J, Lane RS, 2004b. Acarological risk of exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi spirochaetes: long-term evaluations in north-western California, with implications for Lyme borreliosis risk assessment models. Med Vet Entomol 18 :38–49.
-
25
Lane RS, Steinlein DB, Mun J, 2004. Human behaviors elevating exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest. J Med Entomol 41 :239–248.
-
26
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Lane RS, 2002. Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions. Med Vet Entomol 16 :235–244.
-
27
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Castro MC, Lane RS, 2003. Environmentally related variability in risk of exposure to Lyme disease spirochetes in northern California: effect of climatic conditions and habitat type. Environ Entomol 32 :1010–1018.
-
28
The California Spatial Information Library, 1994. CA precipitation layer. California precipitation layer. Available from http://www.gis.ca.gov/meta.epl?oid=286.
-
29
Mayer KE, Laudenslayer WF Jr, 1988. A Guide to Wildlife Habitats of California. Sacramento. CA: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
-
30
Crist EP, Laurin R, Cicone RC, 1986. Vegetation and soils information contained in transformed Thematic Mapper data. Proceedings of the IGARSS ’86 Symposium, Zurich, Switzerland. Paris: ESA, 1465–1470.
-
31
Jensen JR, 2000. Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective. Second edition. New York: Prentice Hall.
-
32
Phua M-H, Saito H, 2003. Estimation of biomass of a mountainous tropical forest using Landsat TM data. Can J Remote Sensing 29 :429–440.
-
33
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2005. Remote sensing (normalized difference vegetation index) classification of risk versus minimal risk habitats for human exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in Mendocino County, California. J Med Entomol 42 :75–81.
-
34
Stafford KC III, Magnarelli LA, 1993. Spatial and temporal patterns of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol 30 :762–771.
-
35
Schmidtmann ET, Carroll JF, Potts WJE, 1994. Host-seeking of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and adults at the woods-pasture interface. J Med Entomol 31 :291–296.
-
36
Daniels TJ, Boccia TM, Varde S, Marcus J, Le J, Bucher DJ, Falco RC, Schwartz I, 1998. Geographical risk for Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern New York state. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 :4663–4669.
-
37
Casher LE, Lane RS, Barrett RH, Eisen L, 2002. Relative importance of lizards and mammals as hosts for ixodid ticks in northern California. Exp Appl Acarol 26 :127–143.
-
38
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2004c. Habitat-related variation in infestation of lizards and rodents with Ixodes ticks in dense woodlands in Mendocino County, California. Exp Appl Acarol 33 :215–233.
-
39
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, Lane RS, 2004d. The roles of birds, lizards and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus. J Vector Ecol 29 :295–308.
-
40
Kitron U, Bouseman JK, Jones CJ, 1991. Use of the ARC/INFO GIS to study the distribution of Lyme disease ticks in an Illinois county. Prev Vet Med 11 :243–248.
-
41
Glass GE, Amersinghe FP, Morgan JM III, Scott TW, 1994. Predicting Ixodes scapularis abundance on white-tailed deer using geographic information systems. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :538–544.
-
42
Bunnell JE, Price SD, Das A, Shields TM, Glass GE, 2003. Geographic information systems and spatial analysis of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the middle Atlantic region of the U.S.A. J Med Entomol 40 :570–576.
-
43
Peavey CA, Lane RS, 1996. Field and laboratory studies of the timing of oviposition and hatching of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 20 :695–711.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 272 | 232 | 31 |
| Full Text Views | 208 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 88 | 13 | 1 |