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1
Krawczynski K, Aggarwal R, Kamili S, 2000. Hepatitis E. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14 :669–687.
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2
Wang YC, Zhang HY, Xia NS, Peng G, Lan HY, Zhuang H, Zhu YH, Li SW, Tian KG, Gu WJ, Lin JX, Wu X, Li HM, Harrison TJ, 2002. Prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus from domestic animals in China. J Med Virol 67 :516–521.
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3
World Health Organization, 2001. Hepatitis E. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/CDSCSR/EDC/12, 13.
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4
Anderson DA, Li F, Riddell M, Howard T, Seow HF, Torresi J, Perry G, Sumarsidi D, Shrestha SM, Shrestha IL, 1999. ELISA for IgG-class antibody to hepatitis E virus based on a highly conserved, conformational epitope expressed in Escherichia coli. J Virol Methods 81 :131–142.
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5
Anderson DA, 2000. Waterborne hepatitis. Specter SC, Hodinka RL, Young SA, eds. Clinical Virology Manual. Third edition. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 295–305.
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6
Zhuang H, Cao XY, Liu CB, Wang GM, 1991. Epidemiology of hepatitis E in China. Gastroenterol Jp 26 (Suppl 3):135–138.
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7
Tan D, Im WKS, Yao JL, Ng MH, 1995. Acute sporadic hepatitis E infection in southern China. J Hepatol 23 :239–245.
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8
Clayson ET, Shrestha MP, Vaughn DW, Snitbhan R, Shrestha KB, Longer CF, Innis BL, 1997. Rates of hepatitis E virus infection and disease among adolescents and adults in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Infect Dis 176 :763–776.
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9
Cairncross S, Feachem R, 1986. Small Water Supplies. London: Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 239 | 208 | 29 |
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HEPATITIS E VIRUS INFECTION AS A MARKER FOR CONTAMINATED COMMUNITY DRINKING WATER SOURCES IN TIBETAN VILLAGES
MICHAEL J. TOOLE
MICHAEL J. TOOLE
Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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FRANCES CLARIDGE
FRANCES CLARIDGE
Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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DAVID A. ANDERSON
DAVID A. ANDERSON
Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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HUI ZHUANG
HUI ZHUANG
Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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CHRISTOPHER MORGAN
CHRISTOPHER MORGAN
Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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BRAD OTTO
BRAD OTTO
Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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TONY STEWART
TONY STEWART
Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Red Cross, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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In April–May 2001, a study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) among 426 persons 8–49 years of age randomly selected from two groups of rural villages in central Tibet. Group 1 villages were assessed in 1998 as having poor quality water sources; new water systems were then constructed prior to this study. Group 2 villages had higher quality water and were not designated as priority villages for new systems prior to the study. No participants tested positive for IgM; only IgG was detected in the analyzed samples. Overall, 31% of the participants had ever been infected with HEV (95% confidence interval [CI] = 26.7–35.7%). The rate was higher in men (36.6%) than women (26.3%) and highest in those 30–39 years of age (49.1%). The rate of past infection was higher in group 1; the risk ratio was 2.77 (95% CI = 1.98–3.88). This difference is most likely the result of the poor quality of the original water sources in these villages. In resource-poor countries, HEV may be a useful health indicator reflecting the degree of contamination in village water sources. This may be especially important in rural areas (such as Tibet) where maternal mortality ratios are high because HEV may be an important cause of deaths during pregnancy in disease-endemic areas.
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-
1
Krawczynski K, Aggarwal R, Kamili S, 2000. Hepatitis E. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14 :669–687.
-
2
Wang YC, Zhang HY, Xia NS, Peng G, Lan HY, Zhuang H, Zhu YH, Li SW, Tian KG, Gu WJ, Lin JX, Wu X, Li HM, Harrison TJ, 2002. Prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus from domestic animals in China. J Med Virol 67 :516–521.
-
3
World Health Organization, 2001. Hepatitis E. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/CDSCSR/EDC/12, 13.
-
4
Anderson DA, Li F, Riddell M, Howard T, Seow HF, Torresi J, Perry G, Sumarsidi D, Shrestha SM, Shrestha IL, 1999. ELISA for IgG-class antibody to hepatitis E virus based on a highly conserved, conformational epitope expressed in Escherichia coli. J Virol Methods 81 :131–142.
-
5
Anderson DA, 2000. Waterborne hepatitis. Specter SC, Hodinka RL, Young SA, eds. Clinical Virology Manual. Third edition. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 295–305.
-
6
Zhuang H, Cao XY, Liu CB, Wang GM, 1991. Epidemiology of hepatitis E in China. Gastroenterol Jp 26 (Suppl 3):135–138.
-
7
Tan D, Im WKS, Yao JL, Ng MH, 1995. Acute sporadic hepatitis E infection in southern China. J Hepatol 23 :239–245.
-
8
Clayson ET, Shrestha MP, Vaughn DW, Snitbhan R, Shrestha KB, Longer CF, Innis BL, 1997. Rates of hepatitis E virus infection and disease among adolescents and adults in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Infect Dis 176 :763–776.
-
9
Cairncross S, Feachem R, 1986. Small Water Supplies. London: Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 239 | 208 | 29 |
| Full Text Views | 208 | 6 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 46 | 9 | 1 |