ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Dodig M, Tavill A, 2001. Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. J Clin Gastroenterol 33 :367–374.
-
2
Darby SC, Ewart DW, Giangrande PL, Spooner RJ, Rizza CR, Dusheiko GM, Lee CA, Ludman CN, Preston FE, 1997. Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood product contaminated with hepatitis C. UK Hemophilia Center directors’ organization. Lancet 350 :1425–1431.
-
3
Appel PW, Joseph H, Richman BL, 2000. Causes and rate of death among methadone maintenance patients before and after the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Mt Sinai J Med 67 :4444–4451.
-
4
Dragoni F, Cafolla A, Gentile G, Mazzucconi MG, Vella S, di Corpo U, Tosti ME, Pisani G, Donato V, Martino P, 1999. HIV-HCV RNA load and liver failure in coinfected patients with coagulopathy. Haematologica 84 :525–529.
-
5
Soto B, Sanchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L, del Olmo JA, Garcia-Bengoechea M, Hernandez-Quero J, Rey C, Abad MA, Rodriguez M, Sales Gilabert M, Gonzalez F, Miron P, Caruz A, Relimpio F, Torronteras R, Leal M, Lissen E, 1997. Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. J Hepatol 26 :1–5.
-
6
Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V, Castilla J, Bravo R, Moreno A, Carbo J, Iniguez A, Gonzalez J, Munoz F, 1997. Influence of hepatitis C virus genotype and HIV infection on histological severity of chronic hepatitis C. The hepatitis/HIV Spanish group. Am J Gastroenterol 92 :1130–1134.
-
7
Bica I, McGovern B, Dhar R, Stone D, McGowan K, Scheib R, Snydman DR, 2001. Increasing mortality due to end-stage liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 32 :492–497.
-
8
Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, Anania FA, Schaeffer M, Galai N, Nolt K, Nelson KE, Strathdee SA, Johnson L, Laeyendecker O, Boitnott J, Wilson LE, Vlahov D, 2000. The natural history of hepatitis c virus infection: host, virus and environmental factors. JAMA 284 :450–456.
-
9
Center for Disease Control, 2001. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among clients of HIV counseling and testing sites, Connecticut 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :577–581.
-
10
Dieterich DT, 1999. Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus: Clinical issues in coinfection. Am J Med 107 :79S–84S.
-
11
MacDonald M, Crofts N, Kaldor J, 1996. Transmission of hepatitis C virus: rates, routes, and cofactors. Epidemiol Rev 18 :137–148.
-
12
Murrill CS, Weeks H, Castrucci BC, Weinstock HS, Bell BP, Spruill C, Gwinn M, 2001. Age specific trends in seroprevalence of HIV and Hepatitis B and C virus among infection drug users admitted to drug treatment in six US cities. Am J Public Health 92 :385–387.
-
13
Ockenga J, Stoll M, Tillmann HL, Trautwein C, Manns MP, Schmidt RE, 1997. Coinfection of hepatitis B and C in HIV-infected patients. Wien Med Wochenschr 147 :439–442.
-
14
Opravil M, Hunziker R, Luthy R, Grob PJ, 1998. Chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV-infected patients. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 123 :753–760.
-
15
Yee TT, Griffioen A, Sabin CA, Dusheiko G, Lee CA, 2000. The natural history of HCV in a cohort of haemophilic patients infected between 1961 and 1985. Gut 47 :845–851.
-
16
American Liver Foundation, 2003. Why integrate hepatitis C information into HIV/AIDS prevention education? Hepatitis Integration Training Manual. New York, American Liver Foundation 3.1–3.11.
-
17
Macias J, Pineda JA, Leal M, Abad MA, Garcia-Pesquera F, Delgado J, Gallardo JA, Sanchez-Quijano A, Lissen E, 1998. Influence of hepatitis C virus infection on the mortality of antiretroviral-treated patients with HIV disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 17 :167–170.
-
18
Haydon GH, Flegg PJ, Blair CS, Brettle RP, Burns SM, Hayes PC, 1998. The impact of chronic hepatitis C virus infection on HIV disease and progression in intravenous drug users. Eur J Gastroenterol Heapatol 10 :485–489.
-
19
Wright TL, Hollander H, Pu X, Held MJ, Lipson P, Quan S, Polito A, Thaler MM, Bacchetti P, Scharschmidt BF, 1994. Hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients with or without AIDS: prevalence and relationship to patient survival. Hepatology 20 :1152–1155.
-
20
Macias J, Pineda JA, Lozano F, Corzo JE, Ramos A, Leon E, Garcia-Garcia JA, Fernandez-Rivera J, Mira JA, Gómez-Mateos J, 2003. Impaired recovery of CD4+ cell counts following highly active antiretroviral therapy in drug-naive patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22 :675–680.
-
21
De Luca A, Bugarini R, Lepri AC, Puoti M, Girardi E, Antinori A, Poggio A, Pagano G, Tositti G, Cadeo G, Macor A, Toti M, d’Arminio Monforte A, Italian Cohort Naive Antiretroviral Study Group, 2002. Coinfection with hepatitis viruses and outcome of initial antiretroviral regimens in previously naive HIV-infected subjects. Arch Intern Med 162 :2125–2132.
-
22
Piroth L, Duong M, Quantin C, Abrahamowicz M, Michardiere R, Aho LS, Grappin M, Buisson M, Waldner A, Portier H, Chavanet P, 1998. Does hepatitis C virus coinfection accelerate clinical and immunological evolution of HIV-infected patients? AIDS 12 :381–388.
-
23
Gómez M, Velasquez M, Hunter RF, 1997. Profile of a Puerto Rican HIV infected population. Bol Assoc Med P R 89 :111–116.
-
24
Jeckel J, Elmore J, Katz D, 1996. Statistical inference and hypothesis testing. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 128–135.
-
25
Armitage P, Berry G, 1988. Survival analysis. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication, 421–439.
-
26
Sulkowski MS, Thomas D, 2003. Hepatitis C in the HIV-infected person. Ann Intern Med 138 :197–207.
-
27
Klein MB, Lalonde RG, Suissa S, 2003. The impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on HIV progression before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33 :365–372.
-
28
The Distance Learning Center for Addiction Studies, 2004. Distance Learning Course. Hepatitis C-Information for Counselers. Available from http://www.dlcas.com/states.htm
-
29
Caloir S, Spencer J, Nresnahan M, Brownstein A, 2003. American Liver Foundation and CDC. Hepatitis Integration Training Manual. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/resource/training/hitm_manual.pdf
-
30
Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P, 1997. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C, the OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet 349 :825–832.
-
31
Zylberberg H, Pol S, 1996. Reciprocal interaction between human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections. Clin Infect Dis 23 :1117–1125.
-
32
Bonacini M, Puoti M, 2000. Hepatitis C in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: diagnosis, natural history, meta-analysis of sexual and vertical transmission and therapeutic issues. Arch Intern Med 160 :3365–3373.
-
33
Sanchez-Quijano A, Andreu J, Gavilan F, Luque F, Abad MA, Soto B, Munoz J, Aznar JM, Leal M, Lissen E, 1995. Influence of HCV type 1 infection on the natural course of chronic parenterally acquired hepatitis C. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14 :949–953.
-
34
Verucchi G, Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F, 2004. Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, natural history, therapeutic options and clinical management. Infection 33 :33–46.
-
35
Rios-Olivares E, Yamamura Y, Gómez MA, Guzmán L, Rodríguez N, Fernández D, Hunter Mellado R, 2001. HCV genotype analysis in HCV-HIV coinfected Puerto Ricans who are injecting drug users: undetermined and mixed infections. Cell Mol Biol 47 :1017–1025.
-
36
Sabin CA, Telfer F, Phillips AN, Bhaganis S, Lee CA, 1997. The association between hepatitis C virus genotype and human immunodeficiency virus disease progression in a cohort of hemophilic men. J Infect Dis 175 :164–168.
-
37
Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, Lissen E, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Lazzarin A, Carosi G, Sasadeusz J, Katlama C, Montaner J, Sette H Jr, Passe S, De Pamphilis J, Duff F, Schrenk UM, Dieterich DT, Study Group APRICOT, 2004. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV infected patients. N Engl J Med 351 :438–450.
-
38
Chung RT, Andersen J, Volberding P, Robbins GK, Liu T, Sherman KE, Peters MG, Koziel MJ, Bhan AK, Alston B, Colquhoun D, Nevin T, Harb G, van der Horst C, AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5071 Study Team, 2004. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons. N Engl J Med 351 :451–459.
-
39
Rutschmann OT, Negro F, Hirschel B, Hadengue A, Anwar D, Perrin LH, 1998. Impact of treatment with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors on hepatitis C viremia in patients coinfected with HIV. J Infect Dis 177 :783–785.
-
40
Ragni MV, Bontempo FA, 1999. Increase in hepatitis C viral load in hemophiliacs during treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 180 :2027–2029.
-
41
Hayashi K, Fukuda Y, Nakano I, Katano Y, Yokozaki S, Toyoda H, Takamatsu J, Hayakawa T, 2000. Poor response to interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hemophiliacs. Hemophil 6 :677–681.
-
42
Prestileo T, Mazzola G, Di Lorenzo F, Colletti P, Vitale F, Ferraro D, Di Stefano R, Camma C, Craxi A, 2000. Response-adjusted alpha interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C in HIV infected patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 16 :373–378.
-
43
De Franceschi L, Fattovich G, Turrini F, Ayi K, Brugnara C, Manzato F, Noventa F, Stanzial AM, Solero P, Corrocher R, 20000. Hemolytic anemia induced by ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus: role of membrane oxidative damage. Hepatology 31 :997–1004.
-
44
Zylberberg H, Pialoux G, Carnot F, Landau A, Brechot C, Pol S, 1998. Rapidly evolving hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient receiving triple antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 27 :1255–1258.
-
45
Saves M, Raffi F, Clevenbergh P, Marchou B, Waldner- Combernoux A, Morlat P, Le Moing V, Riviere C, Chene G, Leport C, 2000. Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for severs hepatic cytolysis after initiation of protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The APROCO study group. Antimicrop Agents Chemother 44 :3451–3455.
-
46
Vogt MW, Hartshorn KL, Furman PA, Chou TC, Fyfe JA, Coleman LA, Crumpacker C, Schooley RT, Hirsch MS, 1987. Ribavirin antagonizes the effect of azidothymidine on HIV replication. Science 235 :1376–1379.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 290 | 273 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 289 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 31 | 3 | 1 |
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY PROFILE OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS–INFECTED PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT HEPATITIS C CO-INFECTION
ANGEL M. MAYOR
ANGEL M. MAYOR
Retrovirus Research Center, and Department of Microbiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico; Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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MARIA A. GOMEZ
MARIA A. GOMEZ
Retrovirus Research Center, and Department of Microbiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico; Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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DIANA M. FERNANDEZ
DIANA M. FERNANDEZ
Retrovirus Research Center, and Department of Microbiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico; Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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EDDY RIOS-OLIVARES
EDDY RIOS-OLIVARES
Retrovirus Research Center, and Department of Microbiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico; Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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JAMES C. THOMAS
JAMES C. THOMAS
Retrovirus Research Center, and Department of Microbiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico; Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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ROBERT F. HUNTER
ROBERT F. HUNTER
Retrovirus Research Center, and Department of Microbiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico; Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is an important and frequent scenario, predominantly in injecting drug users (IDUs). The present study evaluated morbidity and mortality variation in HIV-infected patients with and without HCV co-infection. Co-infection prevalence was determined in 356 HIV-infected persons. Their clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, risk factors, HIV therapies, and mortality rates were evaluated. The prevalence of HCV was 54% in the overall group and 81% in IDUs, with a predominance of HCV genotype 1. Mortality rates were similar in patients with and without co-infection; however, co-infected patients had significantly higher liver damage as a cause of mortality when compared with those who were not co-infected. The high prevalence of HCV and an emerging mortality from liver diseases showed the significance of this co-infection in the HIV epidemic. Primary and secondary prevention are necessary to reduce the expanding impact of HCV infection in HIV patients.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Dodig M, Tavill A, 2001. Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. J Clin Gastroenterol 33 :367–374.
-
2
Darby SC, Ewart DW, Giangrande PL, Spooner RJ, Rizza CR, Dusheiko GM, Lee CA, Ludman CN, Preston FE, 1997. Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood product contaminated with hepatitis C. UK Hemophilia Center directors’ organization. Lancet 350 :1425–1431.
-
3
Appel PW, Joseph H, Richman BL, 2000. Causes and rate of death among methadone maintenance patients before and after the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Mt Sinai J Med 67 :4444–4451.
-
4
Dragoni F, Cafolla A, Gentile G, Mazzucconi MG, Vella S, di Corpo U, Tosti ME, Pisani G, Donato V, Martino P, 1999. HIV-HCV RNA load and liver failure in coinfected patients with coagulopathy. Haematologica 84 :525–529.
-
5
Soto B, Sanchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L, del Olmo JA, Garcia-Bengoechea M, Hernandez-Quero J, Rey C, Abad MA, Rodriguez M, Sales Gilabert M, Gonzalez F, Miron P, Caruz A, Relimpio F, Torronteras R, Leal M, Lissen E, 1997. Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. J Hepatol 26 :1–5.
-
6
Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V, Castilla J, Bravo R, Moreno A, Carbo J, Iniguez A, Gonzalez J, Munoz F, 1997. Influence of hepatitis C virus genotype and HIV infection on histological severity of chronic hepatitis C. The hepatitis/HIV Spanish group. Am J Gastroenterol 92 :1130–1134.
-
7
Bica I, McGovern B, Dhar R, Stone D, McGowan K, Scheib R, Snydman DR, 2001. Increasing mortality due to end-stage liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 32 :492–497.
-
8
Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, Anania FA, Schaeffer M, Galai N, Nolt K, Nelson KE, Strathdee SA, Johnson L, Laeyendecker O, Boitnott J, Wilson LE, Vlahov D, 2000. The natural history of hepatitis c virus infection: host, virus and environmental factors. JAMA 284 :450–456.
-
9
Center for Disease Control, 2001. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among clients of HIV counseling and testing sites, Connecticut 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :577–581.
-
10
Dieterich DT, 1999. Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus: Clinical issues in coinfection. Am J Med 107 :79S–84S.
-
11
MacDonald M, Crofts N, Kaldor J, 1996. Transmission of hepatitis C virus: rates, routes, and cofactors. Epidemiol Rev 18 :137–148.
-
12
Murrill CS, Weeks H, Castrucci BC, Weinstock HS, Bell BP, Spruill C, Gwinn M, 2001. Age specific trends in seroprevalence of HIV and Hepatitis B and C virus among infection drug users admitted to drug treatment in six US cities. Am J Public Health 92 :385–387.
-
13
Ockenga J, Stoll M, Tillmann HL, Trautwein C, Manns MP, Schmidt RE, 1997. Coinfection of hepatitis B and C in HIV-infected patients. Wien Med Wochenschr 147 :439–442.
-
14
Opravil M, Hunziker R, Luthy R, Grob PJ, 1998. Chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV-infected patients. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 123 :753–760.
-
15
Yee TT, Griffioen A, Sabin CA, Dusheiko G, Lee CA, 2000. The natural history of HCV in a cohort of haemophilic patients infected between 1961 and 1985. Gut 47 :845–851.
-
16
American Liver Foundation, 2003. Why integrate hepatitis C information into HIV/AIDS prevention education? Hepatitis Integration Training Manual. New York, American Liver Foundation 3.1–3.11.
-
17
Macias J, Pineda JA, Leal M, Abad MA, Garcia-Pesquera F, Delgado J, Gallardo JA, Sanchez-Quijano A, Lissen E, 1998. Influence of hepatitis C virus infection on the mortality of antiretroviral-treated patients with HIV disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 17 :167–170.
-
18
Haydon GH, Flegg PJ, Blair CS, Brettle RP, Burns SM, Hayes PC, 1998. The impact of chronic hepatitis C virus infection on HIV disease and progression in intravenous drug users. Eur J Gastroenterol Heapatol 10 :485–489.
-
19
Wright TL, Hollander H, Pu X, Held MJ, Lipson P, Quan S, Polito A, Thaler MM, Bacchetti P, Scharschmidt BF, 1994. Hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients with or without AIDS: prevalence and relationship to patient survival. Hepatology 20 :1152–1155.
-
20
Macias J, Pineda JA, Lozano F, Corzo JE, Ramos A, Leon E, Garcia-Garcia JA, Fernandez-Rivera J, Mira JA, Gómez-Mateos J, 2003. Impaired recovery of CD4+ cell counts following highly active antiretroviral therapy in drug-naive patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22 :675–680.
-
21
De Luca A, Bugarini R, Lepri AC, Puoti M, Girardi E, Antinori A, Poggio A, Pagano G, Tositti G, Cadeo G, Macor A, Toti M, d’Arminio Monforte A, Italian Cohort Naive Antiretroviral Study Group, 2002. Coinfection with hepatitis viruses and outcome of initial antiretroviral regimens in previously naive HIV-infected subjects. Arch Intern Med 162 :2125–2132.
-
22
Piroth L, Duong M, Quantin C, Abrahamowicz M, Michardiere R, Aho LS, Grappin M, Buisson M, Waldner A, Portier H, Chavanet P, 1998. Does hepatitis C virus coinfection accelerate clinical and immunological evolution of HIV-infected patients? AIDS 12 :381–388.
-
23
Gómez M, Velasquez M, Hunter RF, 1997. Profile of a Puerto Rican HIV infected population. Bol Assoc Med P R 89 :111–116.
-
24
Jeckel J, Elmore J, Katz D, 1996. Statistical inference and hypothesis testing. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 128–135.
-
25
Armitage P, Berry G, 1988. Survival analysis. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication, 421–439.
-
26
Sulkowski MS, Thomas D, 2003. Hepatitis C in the HIV-infected person. Ann Intern Med 138 :197–207.
-
27
Klein MB, Lalonde RG, Suissa S, 2003. The impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on HIV progression before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33 :365–372.
-
28
The Distance Learning Center for Addiction Studies, 2004. Distance Learning Course. Hepatitis C-Information for Counselers. Available from http://www.dlcas.com/states.htm
-
29
Caloir S, Spencer J, Nresnahan M, Brownstein A, 2003. American Liver Foundation and CDC. Hepatitis Integration Training Manual. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/resource/training/hitm_manual.pdf
-
30
Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P, 1997. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C, the OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet 349 :825–832.
-
31
Zylberberg H, Pol S, 1996. Reciprocal interaction between human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections. Clin Infect Dis 23 :1117–1125.
-
32
Bonacini M, Puoti M, 2000. Hepatitis C in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: diagnosis, natural history, meta-analysis of sexual and vertical transmission and therapeutic issues. Arch Intern Med 160 :3365–3373.
-
33
Sanchez-Quijano A, Andreu J, Gavilan F, Luque F, Abad MA, Soto B, Munoz J, Aznar JM, Leal M, Lissen E, 1995. Influence of HCV type 1 infection on the natural course of chronic parenterally acquired hepatitis C. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14 :949–953.
-
34
Verucchi G, Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F, 2004. Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, natural history, therapeutic options and clinical management. Infection 33 :33–46.
-
35
Rios-Olivares E, Yamamura Y, Gómez MA, Guzmán L, Rodríguez N, Fernández D, Hunter Mellado R, 2001. HCV genotype analysis in HCV-HIV coinfected Puerto Ricans who are injecting drug users: undetermined and mixed infections. Cell Mol Biol 47 :1017–1025.
-
36
Sabin CA, Telfer F, Phillips AN, Bhaganis S, Lee CA, 1997. The association between hepatitis C virus genotype and human immunodeficiency virus disease progression in a cohort of hemophilic men. J Infect Dis 175 :164–168.
-
37
Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, Lissen E, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Lazzarin A, Carosi G, Sasadeusz J, Katlama C, Montaner J, Sette H Jr, Passe S, De Pamphilis J, Duff F, Schrenk UM, Dieterich DT, Study Group APRICOT, 2004. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV infected patients. N Engl J Med 351 :438–450.
-
38
Chung RT, Andersen J, Volberding P, Robbins GK, Liu T, Sherman KE, Peters MG, Koziel MJ, Bhan AK, Alston B, Colquhoun D, Nevin T, Harb G, van der Horst C, AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5071 Study Team, 2004. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons. N Engl J Med 351 :451–459.
-
39
Rutschmann OT, Negro F, Hirschel B, Hadengue A, Anwar D, Perrin LH, 1998. Impact of treatment with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors on hepatitis C viremia in patients coinfected with HIV. J Infect Dis 177 :783–785.
-
40
Ragni MV, Bontempo FA, 1999. Increase in hepatitis C viral load in hemophiliacs during treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 180 :2027–2029.
-
41
Hayashi K, Fukuda Y, Nakano I, Katano Y, Yokozaki S, Toyoda H, Takamatsu J, Hayakawa T, 2000. Poor response to interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hemophiliacs. Hemophil 6 :677–681.
-
42
Prestileo T, Mazzola G, Di Lorenzo F, Colletti P, Vitale F, Ferraro D, Di Stefano R, Camma C, Craxi A, 2000. Response-adjusted alpha interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C in HIV infected patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 16 :373–378.
-
43
De Franceschi L, Fattovich G, Turrini F, Ayi K, Brugnara C, Manzato F, Noventa F, Stanzial AM, Solero P, Corrocher R, 20000. Hemolytic anemia induced by ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus: role of membrane oxidative damage. Hepatology 31 :997–1004.
-
44
Zylberberg H, Pialoux G, Carnot F, Landau A, Brechot C, Pol S, 1998. Rapidly evolving hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient receiving triple antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 27 :1255–1258.
-
45
Saves M, Raffi F, Clevenbergh P, Marchou B, Waldner- Combernoux A, Morlat P, Le Moing V, Riviere C, Chene G, Leport C, 2000. Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for severs hepatic cytolysis after initiation of protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The APROCO study group. Antimicrop Agents Chemother 44 :3451–3455.
-
46
Vogt MW, Hartshorn KL, Furman PA, Chou TC, Fyfe JA, Coleman LA, Crumpacker C, Schooley RT, Hirsch MS, 1987. Ribavirin antagonizes the effect of azidothymidine on HIV replication. Science 235 :1376–1379.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 290 | 273 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 289 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 31 | 3 | 1 |