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1
Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL, 2003. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ 81 :197–204.
-
2
Parashar UD, Bresee JS, Glass RI, 2003. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease in children. Bull World Health Organ 81 :236.
-
3
Pan American Health Organization, 2004. Country Profiles, Basic Health Indicators (Colombia). Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. Available from http://www.paho.org/English/DD/AIS/cp_170.htm)
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4
WHO/UNICEF, 2004. Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: A Mid-Term Assessment of Progress. Geneva and New York: World Health Organization and UNICEF.
-
5
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S, 2005. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing infectious diarrhea. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2005. Oxford: Update Software.
-
6
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann R, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford J, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
-
8
Clasen T, Brown J, Suntura O, Collin S, 2004. Reducing diarrhoea through household-based ceramic filtration of drinking water: a randomized, controlled trial in Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :651–657.
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9
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2000. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation.
-
10
Zeger SL, Liang KY, 1986. Longitudinal analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73 :13–22.
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11
WHO, 1997. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Second edition. Volume 3. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
12
Universidad Rafael Landivar, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales, 1995. Contra la Morbilidad Infantil: Filtros Artesanales y Educación. Guatemala: Revista de Estudios Sociales no. 53, IV Epoca.
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13
du Preez M, 2004. Field results from a ceramic filter intervention study in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe. Presentation at the IWA 4th World Water Congress, Marrakech, Morocco, September 19–24, 2004.
-
14
Clasen T, Cairncross S, 2004. Household water treatment: refining the dominant paradigm. Trop Med Int Hyg 9 :187–191.
-
15
WHO, 2004. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Third edition. Volume 1. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
16
Gundry S, Wright J, Conroy R, 2004. A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries. J Water Health 2 :1–13.
-
17
Colford JM, Rees JR, Wade TJ, Khalakdina A, Hilton JF, Ergas IJ, Burns S, Benker A, Ma C, Bowen C, Mills DC, Vugia DJ, Juranek DD, Levy DA, 2002. Participant blinding and gastrointestinal illness in a randomized, controlled trial of an in-home drinking water intervention. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :29–36.
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18
Kirchhoff LV, McClelland KE, Do Carmo Pinho M, Araujo JG, de Sousa MA, Guerrant RL, 1985. Feasibility and efficacy of in-home water chlorination in rural North-eastern Brazil. J Hyg (Lond) 94 :173–180.
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19
Austin CJ, 1993. Chlorinating household water in the Gambia. Proceedings of the 19th WEDC Conference. Accra, Ghana, 90–92.
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20
Conroy RM, Elmore-Meegan M, Joyce T, McGuigan KG, Barnes J, 1996. Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial. Lancet 348 :1695–1697.
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21
Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J, 1999. Solar disinfection of water reduce diarrhoeal disease: an update. Arch Dis Child 81 :337–338.
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Boerma JT, Black RE, Sommerfelt AE, Rutstein SO, Bicego GT, 1991. Accuracy and completeness of mothers’ recall of diarrhoea occurrence in pre-school children in demographic and health surveys. Int J Epidemiol 20 :1073–1080.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 221 | 155 | 20 |
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HOUSEHOLD-BASED CERAMIC WATER FILTERS FOR THE PREVENTION OF DIARRHEA: A RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL OF A PILOT PROGRAM IN COLOMBIA
THOMAS CLASEN
THOMAS CLASEN
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Oxfam GB, Oxford, United Kingdom; International Health Research Associates, London, United Kingdom
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GLORIA GARCIA PARRA
GLORIA GARCIA PARRA
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Oxfam GB, Oxford, United Kingdom; International Health Research Associates, London, United Kingdom
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SOPHIE BOISSON
SOPHIE BOISSON
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Oxfam GB, Oxford, United Kingdom; International Health Research Associates, London, United Kingdom
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SIMON COLLIN
SIMON COLLIN
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Oxfam GB, Oxford, United Kingdom; International Health Research Associates, London, United Kingdom
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Household water treatment is increasingly recognized as an effective means of reducing the burden of diarrheal disease among low-income populations without access to safe water. Oxfam GB undertook a pilot project to explore the use of household-based ceramic water filters in three remote communities in Colombia. In a randomized, controlled trial over a period of six months, the filters were associated with a 75.3% reduction in arithmetic mean thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) (P < 0.0001). A total of 47.7% and 24.2% of the samples from the intervention group had no detectible TTCs/100 mL or conformed to World Health Organization limits for low risk (1–10 TTCs/100 mL), respectively, compared with 0.9% and 7.3% for control group samples. Overall, prevalence of diarrhea was 60% less among households using filters than among control households (odds ratio = 0.40, 95% confidence interval = 0.25, 0.63, P < 0.0001). However, the microbiologic performance and protective effect of the filters was not uniform throughout the study communities, suggesting the need to consider the circumstances of the particular setting before implementing this intervention.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL, 2003. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ 81 :197–204.
-
2
Parashar UD, Bresee JS, Glass RI, 2003. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease in children. Bull World Health Organ 81 :236.
-
3
Pan American Health Organization, 2004. Country Profiles, Basic Health Indicators (Colombia). Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. Available from http://www.paho.org/English/DD/AIS/cp_170.htm)
-
4
WHO/UNICEF, 2004. Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: A Mid-Term Assessment of Progress. Geneva and New York: World Health Organization and UNICEF.
-
5
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S, 2005. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing infectious diarrhea. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2005. Oxford: Update Software.
-
6
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann R, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford J, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
-
8
Clasen T, Brown J, Suntura O, Collin S, 2004. Reducing diarrhoea through household-based ceramic filtration of drinking water: a randomized, controlled trial in Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :651–657.
-
9
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2000. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation.
-
10
Zeger SL, Liang KY, 1986. Longitudinal analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73 :13–22.
-
11
WHO, 1997. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Second edition. Volume 3. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
12
Universidad Rafael Landivar, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales, 1995. Contra la Morbilidad Infantil: Filtros Artesanales y Educación. Guatemala: Revista de Estudios Sociales no. 53, IV Epoca.
-
13
du Preez M, 2004. Field results from a ceramic filter intervention study in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe. Presentation at the IWA 4th World Water Congress, Marrakech, Morocco, September 19–24, 2004.
-
14
Clasen T, Cairncross S, 2004. Household water treatment: refining the dominant paradigm. Trop Med Int Hyg 9 :187–191.
-
15
WHO, 2004. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Third edition. Volume 1. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
16
Gundry S, Wright J, Conroy R, 2004. A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries. J Water Health 2 :1–13.
-
17
Colford JM, Rees JR, Wade TJ, Khalakdina A, Hilton JF, Ergas IJ, Burns S, Benker A, Ma C, Bowen C, Mills DC, Vugia DJ, Juranek DD, Levy DA, 2002. Participant blinding and gastrointestinal illness in a randomized, controlled trial of an in-home drinking water intervention. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :29–36.
-
18
Kirchhoff LV, McClelland KE, Do Carmo Pinho M, Araujo JG, de Sousa MA, Guerrant RL, 1985. Feasibility and efficacy of in-home water chlorination in rural North-eastern Brazil. J Hyg (Lond) 94 :173–180.
-
19
Austin CJ, 1993. Chlorinating household water in the Gambia. Proceedings of the 19th WEDC Conference. Accra, Ghana, 90–92.
-
20
Conroy RM, Elmore-Meegan M, Joyce T, McGuigan KG, Barnes J, 1996. Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial. Lancet 348 :1695–1697.
-
21
Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J, 1999. Solar disinfection of water reduce diarrhoeal disease: an update. Arch Dis Child 81 :337–338.
-
22
Boerma JT, Black RE, Sommerfelt AE, Rutstein SO, Bicego GT, 1991. Accuracy and completeness of mothers’ recall of diarrhoea occurrence in pre-school children in demographic and health surveys. Int J Epidemiol 20 :1073–1080.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 221 | 155 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 483 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 213 | 2 | 0 |